Chromosomes and Karyotypes

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Last updated 10:01 AM on 8/4/26
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13 Terms

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Chromosomes

DNA wrapped around histone proteins and arranged into homologous pairs in the nucleus.

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Human somatic cell chromosome count

46 chromosomes (diploid number 2n = 46).

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Telomeres

Repetitive base sequences at chromosome ends that prevent them from fusing.

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Chromosome DNA structure

A long DNA molecule coiled tightly around histone proteins.

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Centromere

Specialized DNA sequence holding two chromatids together, important for meiosis.

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Sister chromatids

Identical daughter strands of a replicated chromosome.

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p arm

The shorter section of a chromosome.

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q arm

The longer section of a chromosome.

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Homologous chromosomes

Chromosome pairs with the same size, length, centromere position, and gene loci.

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Autosomes

Chromosome pairs 1 through 22, containing thousands of genes.

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Sex chromosomes (Pair 23)

Chromosomes (X and Y) responsible for determining an organism's sex.

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Human sex determination

Two X chromosomes result in a female; an X and Y result in a male.

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Karyotype

Chromosomes arranged by structural features to check for genetic abnormalities.