APUSH Period 3

the test consists of MCQs and 1 LEQ - no SAQs or DBQs!

French and Indian War

This began with George Washington; tensions between colonists and Native Americans over land rights worsened until they eventually culminated in all out war- aided by the French, the Natives lost to colonial forces funded by england. However, reluctant to further the possibility of more fighting, the English government passed the proclamation of 1763, preventing colonists from expanding westward.

Stamp Act

a tax passed by the English Parliament on stamps in the colonies in order to raise money to pay off the war debt; this was the first of many taxes to come, and the beginning of colonist anger over forced duties in America

Boston Massacre

although not really a “massacre”, several people, including a Black free man, were killed in a minor skirmish in Boston between colonists protesting the end of salutary neglect and british troops; the dead become martyrs for the patriotic cause

Boston Tea Party

response to tea tax, colonists disguise themselves as natives and dump thousands of dollars of british tea into Boston harbor

Delcaratory Acts

a law passed by the english parliament declaring that they had full authority over the american colonies, including the power to create taxes and make them binding

coercive/intolerable acts

acts passed to punish colonists after the boston tea party - closed the port of boston indefinitely until the english west indie companyh was repaid for the tea they lost, restricted town meetings, permitted british officials stationed in the colonies to be tried in trial in england, and forced colonists to house/accomadate english troops

daughters of liberty

a group of women who supported the patriot cause through boycotts, or by creating homemade goods to replace british imports

nonimportation movemenbt

a total boycott of british goods by patriots, created a greater reliance on women as homekeepers/laborors, sort of opened up society for them

townshend act

passed by charles townshend, tax on most common good imported to the colonies like glass, tea, and paper

tj’s delcaration of independence

the formal announcement that the american colonies were breaking away from england and considered themselves an independent country with independent rights

paine’s common sense

a pamphlet published by thomas paine advocating the patriot cause on the basis of ‘common sense’

john dickinson’s letters

essays written protesting the townshend acts as unconstitutional on the basis that they were created to generate revenue rather than regulate trade

philis wheately

an enslaved black woman who advocated for the patriot cause, using an appeal to enlightenment ideals of social contract, equality

lexington and concord

the official start of the war; “shot heard around the world”; as british troops advanced through boston to take patriot stocks of firearms and gunpowder, patriots resist

1st and 2 nd continental congress

conventions with representatives from almost every colony that formed in an attempt to sort out what to do in repsponse to unconstitutional tax laws passed by parliament

articles of confederation

first attempt at government in indpendent america, but gave too much power to the states that resulted in a weak central government that couldn’t enforce taxes to raise money, regulate national trade, or generally controll much of anything

land ordinances of 1785, 1787

1785 - created a standardized system for buying and selling new land aquired in the northwest

1787 - said all new states were to be slave free

George Washington

famous general for the patriotic cause, provided a sort of unity and culture for americans, led the continental army

washington’s farewell address

famous parting words from the first president, warns against foreign involvement, political parties, public debt

alexander hamilton

founding father, known for his banking plans, federalist

thomas jefferson

founding father, anti federalist who clashed with hamilton

democratic republicans

the descendants from antifederalists; believed the federalists and alexander hamilton’s plans gave the central government too much power; came to power after peaceful revolution in 1800

federalists

notable members: a hamilton, j madison, advocated for a strong central government + the constitution in order to create a strong sense of american unitya

antifederalists

notable members: p henry, s adams

advocated for power to go to the states in order to avoid the accumulation of power, oppose the constitution because they thought it would mean consolidation of power in the government, demanded the bill of rights to guarantee individual rights

federalist papers

a series of essays, written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison promoting the ratification of the US constitution

antifederalist papers

a series of essays written in response to the federalist papers protesting the ratificaiton of the us constitution on the basis that it risked individual rights

alien + sedition acts

Alien acts: gave the government power to deport any foreign born citizens

Sedition acts: made it a federal crime to publish any material that was crtitical of the us govenrment or the president

passed by the federalists in an effort to limit critical speech of the government and prevent “aliens” in the country from siding with france in the upcoming war

bill of rights

ultimately created by the antifederalists, guaranteed several rights to the people

Virginia plan

created by james madison, called for the balancing of power in the government by creating the three branches, plus the bicameral legislation

new jersey plan

called for equal representation in government for states; one representative per state as opposed to the number of representatives being based off of the population of each state to ensure the power remained with the states

great compromise

the compromise between the new jersey and virginia plan that created a bicameral legislation; the senate would have 2 representatives from every state, whilst the house of representatives would remain population based

3/5ths compromise

the agreement between pro-slave groups and abolitionists that one slave was worth 3/5ths of a white man

Virginia and kentucky resoltuions

political statements that questioned the authority of the central government against that of the state governments; claimed that the central government had overstepped it’s boundaries with the alien + sedition acts and that states were able to question national laws

whiskey rebellion

rebellion against taxes on domestically made whiskey that led to the summoning of a national militia by gw

john adams

first vice president and second president; presided over alien+sedition acts/XYZ affair, stepped down peacefully in peaceful revolution of 1800

shays rebellion

large rebellion proving the faults of the articles of confederation; heavy taxes were placed on citizens of massachusettes in order to make up for war debt, farmers protest and tried to burn/shut down court houses to stop the collection of debt/taxes that plunged many poor farmers into poverty

natural rights

the belief that all people are afforded the same rights; life, liberty, property/the pursuit of happiness; really only guaranteed to white men

prince hall’s petition

the petition created by a black, enslaved african american who used the declaration of independence’s claims of inalienable rights to prove that all men created equal extended to slaves

abigail adams

wife of john adams, used her unique position to argue for women’s rights

republican motherhood

post revolutionary war, the idea that it was the woman’s role to teach the future generations the fundamentals of american culture and american life; hard work, ‘equality’, ‘freedom’

haitian revolution

the uprising in haiti by slaves, effectively ending french rule; inspired by enlightenment ideals of equality for humans; scared american southeners who relied on slavery as a labor force so critical to their economy

proclamation of neutrality

the formal announcement that the US would remain neutral in the war between britain and france, as GW felt that taking a side would only damage the new nation 

jay’s treaty

john jay’s negotiation with england to agree that the us and britain would avert war

revolution of 1800

john adams stepped down and the democratic repulican party took control of the government; the first big contest between two opposing political parties that created fears of war over who had the most power in the government; john adams stepped down peacefully and there was no violence

XYZ affair

american agents went to france to negotiate and avoid a war; three french agents, XYZ, demanded a bribe/loan for the americans to begin negotiating, and led to the Quasi war

strict vs loose interpretation

the antifederalists followed the constitution very closely and ltierally, believing that one should follow the instructions to a t

the federalists saw the constituion as guidelines rather than strict rules to follow; necessary and proper clauses

battle of yorktown

final battle of the revolutionary war where the french navy cut off british escape routes and the american forces relentlessly hammered the english with artililery fire until they surrendered

french alliance

the french allied with the patriots int eh revolutionary war, sending over troops adn their powerful naval forces

proclamation of 1763

the law that prevented colonists from moving westward after the french indian war; angered colonists

pontiac’s rebellion

the revolt and attack by native americans in the great lakes area on british forces in an attempt to rid themselves of colonial expansion