TBQ Chat 13,14,15,16

Which of the following types of medical items requires sterilization?

needles

Which of the following is suitable for use on tissues for microbial control to prevent infection?

antiseptic

Which biosafety level is appropriate for research with microbes or infectious agents that pose moderate risk to laboratory workers and the community, and are typically indigenous?

BSL-2

Which of the following best describes a microbial control protocol that inhibits the growth of molds and yeast?

fungistatic

The decimal reduction time refers to the amount of time it takes to which of the following?

reduce a microbial population by 90%

Which of the following methods brings about cell lysis due to cavitation induced by rapid localized pressure changes?

sonication

Which of the following terms is used to describe the time required to kill all of the microbes within a sample at a given temperature?

thermal death time

Which of the following microbial control methods does not actually kill microbes or inhibit their growth but instead removes them physically from samples?

filtration

Which of the following refers to a disinfecting chemical dissolved in alcohol?

tincture

Which of the following peroxygens is widely used as a household disinfectant, is inexpensive, and breaks down into water and oxygen gas?

hydrogen peroxide

Which of the following chemical food preservatives is used in the wine industry but may cause asthmatic reactions in some individuals?

sulfites

Bleach is an example of which group of chemicals used for disinfection?

halogens

Which chemical disinfectant works by methylating enzymes and nucleic acids and is known for being toxic and carcinogenic?

formaldehyde

Which type of test is used to determine whether disinfectant solutions actively used in a clinical setting are being used correctly?

in-use test

The effectiveness of chemical disinfectants has historically been compared to that of which of the following?

phenol

Which of the following refers to a germicide that can kill vegetative cells and certain enveloped viruses but not endospores?

intermediate-level germicide

T/F

Sanitization leaves an object free of microbes.

False

T/F

Ionizing radiation can penetrate surfaces, but nonionizing radiation cannot.

True

T/F

Moist-heat sterilization protocols require the use of higher temperatures for longer periods of time than do dry- heat sterilization protocols do

False

T/F

Soaps are classified as disinfectants

False

T/F

Mercury-based compounds have fallen out of favor for use as preservatives and antiseptics.

True

Which of the following antimicrobial drugs is synthetic?

sulfanilamide

Which of the following combinations would most likely contribute to the development of a superinfection?

long-term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials

Which of the following routes of administration would be appropriate and convenient for home administration of an antimicrobial to treat a systemic infection?

oral

Which clinical situation would be appropriate for treatment with a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial drug?

treatment of strep throat caused by culture identified Streptococcus pyogenes

Which of the following terms refers to the ability of an antimicrobial drug to harm the target microbe without

selective toxicity

Which of the following is not a type of β-lactam antimicrobial?

glycopeptides

Which of the following does not bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit?

tetracyclines

Which of the following antimicrobials inhibits the activity of DNA gyrase?

nalidixic acid

Which of the following is not an appropriate target for antifungal drugs?

cholesterol

Which of the following drug classes specifically inhibits neuronal transmission in helminths?

avermectins

Which of the following is a nucleoside analog commonly used as a reverse transcriptase inhibitor in the treatment of HIV?

azidothymidine

Which of the following is an antimalarial drug that is thought to increase ROS levels in target cells?

artemisinin

Which of the following resistance mechanisms describes the function of β-lactamase?

drug inactivation

Which of the following resistance mechanisms is commonly effective against a wide range of antimicrobials in multiple classes?

efflux pump

Which of the following resistance mechanisms is the most nonspecific to a particular class of antimicrobials?

efflux pump

Which of the following types of drug-resistant bacteria do not typically persist in individuals as a member of their intestinal microbiota?

MRSA

In the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, the _______ of the zone of inhibition is measured and used for interpretation.

diameter

Which of the following techniques cannot be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of an antimicrobial drug against a particular microbe?

Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test

The utility of an antibiogram is that it shows antimicrobial susceptibility trends

in a localized population

Which of the following has yielded compounds with the most antimicrobial activity?

soil

T/F

Narrow-spectrum antimicrobials are commonly used for prophylaxis following surgery.

False

T/F

β-lactamases can degrade vancomycin

False

T/F

Echinocandins, known as “penicillin for fungi,” target β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls

True

T/F

If drug A produces a larger zone of inhibition than drug B on the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, drug A should always be prescribed

False

T/F

The rate of discovery of antimicrobial drugs has decreased significantly in recent decades

True

Which of the following would be a sign of an infection?

fever

Which of the following is an example of a noncommunicable infectious disease?

food poisoning due to a preformed bacterial toxin in food

During an oral surgery, the surgeon nicked the patient’s gum with a sharp instrument. This allowed Streptococcus, a bacterium normally present in the mouth, to gain access to the blood. As a result, the patient developed bacterial endocarditis (an infection of the heart). Which type of disease is this?

iatrogenic

Which period is the stage of disease during which the patient begins to present general signs and symptoms?

prodromal

A communicable disease that can be easily transmitted from person to person is which type of disease?

contagious

Which of the following is a pathogen that could not be identified by the original Koch’s postulates?

Human immunodeficiency virus

Pathogen A has an ID50 of 50 particles, pathogen B has an ID50 of 1,000 particles, and pathogen C has an ID50 of 1 × 106 particles.

pathogen A

Which of the following choices lists the steps of pathogenesis in the correct order?

exposure, adhesion, invasion, infection

Which of the following would be a virulence factor of a pathogen?

a surface protein allowing the pathogen to bind to host cells

You have recently identified a new toxin. It is produced by a gram-negative bacterium. It is composed mostly of protein, has high toxicity, and is not heat stable. You also discover that it targets liver cells. Based on these characteristics, how would you classify this toxin?

exotoxin

Which of the following applies to hyaluronidase?

It acts as a spreading factor

Phospholipases are enzymes that do which of the following?

degrade cell membranes to allow pathogens to escape phagosomes

Which of the following is a major virulence factor for the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus?

capsule

Which of the following pathogens undergoes antigenic variation to avoid immune defenses?

Plasmodium

Which is the most common type of biological vector of human disease?

arthropods

A mosquito bites a person who subsequently develops a fever and abdominal rash. What type of transmission would this be?

biological vector transmission

Cattle are allowed to pasture in a field that contains the farmhouse well, and the farmer’s family becomes ill with a gastrointestinal pathogen after drinking the water. What type of transmission of infectious agents would this be?

vehicle transmission

A blanket from a child with chickenpox is likely to be contaminated with the virus that causes chickenpox (Varicella-zoster virus). What is the blanket called?

fomite

Which of the following would NOT be considered an emerging disease?

Tuberculosis

Which of the following would NOT be considered a reemerging disease

West Nile virus fever/encephalitis

Which of the following factors can lead to reemergence of a disease?

A period of decline in vaccination rates

Why are emerging diseases with very few cases the focus of intense scrutiny?

They are increasing and therefore not controlled

Match each term with its description.
___sporadic disease

___endemic disease

___pandemic disease

___morbidity rate

___mortality rate

A. the number of disease cases per 100,000 individuals

B. a disease in higher than expected numbers around the world

C. the number of deaths from a disease for every 10,000 individuals

D. a disease found occasionally in a region with cases occurring mainly in isolation from
each other

E. a disease found regularly in a region

_D__sporadic disease

_E__endemic disease

_B__pandemic disease

_A__morbidity rate

_C__mortality rate

Match each type of epidemiology study with its description.
___experimental

___analytical

___prospective

___descriptive

___retrospective

A. examination of past case histories and medical test results conducted on patients in an outbreak

B. examination of current case histories, interviews with patients and their contacts,
interpretation of medical test results; frequently conducted while outbreak is still in progress

C. use of a set of test subjects (human or animal) and control subjects that are treated the same as the test subjects except for the specific treatment being studied

D. observing groups of individuals to look for associations with disease

E. a comparison of a cohort of individuals through the course of the study

_C__experimental

_D__analytical

_E__prospective

_B__descriptive

_A__retrospective

Match each pioneer of epidemiology with his or her contribution.
___Florence Nightingale

___Robert Koch

___Joseph Lister

___John Snow

A. determined the source of a cholera outbreak in London

B. showed that surgical wound infection rates could be dramatically reduced by using
carbolic acid to disinfect surgical tools, bandages, and surgical sites

C. compiled data on causes of mortality in soldiers, leading to innovations in military
medical care

D. developed a methodology for conclusively determining the etiology of disease

_C__Florence Nightingale

_D__Robert Koch

_B__Joseph Lister

_A__John Snow