modern middle east final exam

antisemitism

Hostility/Prejudice against Jewish people

Zionism

Jewish national movement aimed at creating a Jewish state in Palestine

Nakba

Catastrophe- The Palestinian experience of 1948 involving mass displacement

yom ha’atzmaut

Israeli Independence Day declared in 1948

Palestinian authority (PA)

Government formed after the 1993 Oslo accords with limited authority

Kibbutz/Mashav

types of agricultural communities formed by Early Zionist settlers

world Zionist organization (what year)

1897 -Inspired by antisemitism

Jewish immigration waves (what year)

1882 to 1939- Five major waves

UN partition plan (What year?)

1947-Proposed division of Palestine; Jerusalem = international city

Israel declares independence (What year?)

1948-War with Arab states (700,000 Palestinians displaced)

Oslo accords (what year)

1993 - mutual recognition; PA established; hamas opposed

Yitzhak Rabin assassinated (what year)

1995- By a Jewish radical opposing peace

Camp David talks fail (what year)

2000- Major peace effort, collapses

Settlement in West Bank and East Jerusalem (what year)

Ongoing - Key obstacles to peace; expansion continues

What are the consequences of the 1948 war for both Israel and Palestine?

Israel-Establishment of a state, Victory against Arab neighbours — Jewish migrants from Arab countries

Palestine- the nakba - 700,000 displaced, Became Refugees, And many are still in statements or in camps

What issues are the heart of the Israeli Palestine conflict?

1. Territory and displacement

2. Refugee crisis

3. Settlements

4. Recognition

5. Security versus sovereignty

What does 1. Territory and displacement mean

Competing claims to land (Especially Jerusalem, West Bank, gaza)

What does 2. Refugee crisis mean?

Palestinians just placed during 1948, Many still in camps or stateless

What does 3. Settlements mean?

Israeli settlements in occupied territories are illegal under international law

What does 4.recognition mean?

hamas Doesn’t recognize this Israeli - Some Israeli groups do not accept Palestinian statehood

What does 5. Security versus sovereignty mean

Israel, prioritize security; Palestinians demand independence and rights

Theodor Herzl

Founder of political Zionism

Al-Khalidi

Arab leader who warned of colonization impact

Yitzhak Rabin

Israeli PM who signed Oslo - later assassinated

Yasser Arafat

Leader of PLO - central to peace talks

Ehud barak

Israeli PM during 2000 camp David talks

Hamas

Militant Palestinian groups - opposed Oslo accords

Ari Shavit - my promised land

Key idea: Israel’s founding was both a triumph and a tragedy

Shavit is a liberal Zionist: reflects on how 1948 created Israeli but displaced Palestinians (nakba)

In Lydda: Israeli soilders expelled Palestinians (necessary but morally devastating)

His life Was shaped by elite Israeli upbringing But he later faces guilt and truth

Rashid Khalidi - The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine

Key idea: the conflict is not ancient it’s modern colonialism

-not just Jews vs Arabs - but imperial powers like Britain and the U.S. backing a settler project

-Palestinians were never treated as equal political actors

-Zionism seen as European colonial project