animals lab 4

Digestive System Components

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus

Digestive System Functions

food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)

Circulatory System Components

Heart, blood vessels, Blood

Circulatory system functions

Internal distribution of materials

Respiratory System Components

Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes

Respiratory system Functions

gas exchange (uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide)

Immune and lymphatic functions

body defense (fighting infections and cancer)

Immune and lymphatic components

bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells

Excretory System Components

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Excretory system functions

Disposal of metabolic wasters; regulation of osmotic balance of blood

Endocrine system components

pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands

Endocrine system functions

coordination of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism)

Reproductive system components

Ovaries or testes and associated organs

Reproductive system functions

Gamete production; promotion of fertilisation; support of developing embryo

Nervous system components

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

Nervous system functions

coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them

Integumentary system components

skin and its derivatives (such as hair, claws, skin glands)

Integumentary main functions

protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermoregulation

Skeletal main components

Skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)

Skeletal main functions

body support, protection of internal organs, movement

Muscular system components

Skeletal muscles

Muscular functions

locomotion and other movement

Cranial (superior)

Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Caudal (inferior)

Towards the tail or lower part of the body; below

Ventral (anterior)

Towards or at the underside of the body; in front of

Dorsal (Posterior)

Towards or at the top of the body; behind

Medial

Towards or at the midlin of the mody; on the inner side of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the bodyl on the outer side

Proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

Farther from the origin of the body part of point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial or external

Towards or at the body surface

Deep or internal

Away from the body surface; more internal

Median/Mid-sagittal

Plane that passed through the axis of the body

Sagittal

Plane parallel to the axis of the body

Transverse

Plane cutting body at right angles to its long axis

Dorsal (frontal)

Plane dividing the body into dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) parts

Epithelial

Sheets of cells that cover the outside of the body and line organs

Connective

Scattered cells through an extracellular matrix that hold tissues and organs in place.

Muscular tissues

Tissues responsible for body movements, including internal organs. There are three types of muscle tissue types: cardiac, smooth and skeletal

Nervous tissues

Processing, transmitting and receiving information

Viscera

Organs in the abdominal cavity

Placenta

A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply

Umbilical vein

Nutrient and oxygen rich blood is transported from the placenta to the foetus

Umbilical arteries

blood that is low in nutrients and oxygen is carried back to the placenta

Ileum

Absorbs nutrients and water, connects to caecum, digestion of food

Liver

Digestive organ system, regulates most chemical levels in the blood, excretes bile into small intestine

Bile Duct

Transports bile from liver and gallbladder to the small intestine

Appendix

Designed to protect good bacteria in the gut

Jejunum

Absorbs various nutrients and water, second part of small intestine, further digestion of food

Spleen

Source of lymphocytes and filters out old red blood cells, contains white blood cells that help fight infection.

Caecum

Contains microbes that breakdown plant material, hindgut fermentation, absorbs fluids and salts that remain after digestion

Colon

4 sections: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, slowly absorbs water and electrolytes as its muscle system moves waste along forming stool

Rectum

Stores faeces until they can be eliminated, connection between colon and anus

Pyloric sphincter

Valve which regulates flow of food movement from stomach to intestine

Stomach

Stores food, helps digest, provides optimum pH, kills harmful microbes

Hepatic portal vein

Takes everything to liver for detox from digestive tract and spleen

Pancreas

Produces insulin, other enzymes for breaking down tissues or breaking itself down when dead. Digests proteins carbs and fats

Duodenum

First region of intestine, primary function is to digest starch, proteins and fats

Oesophagus

Carries food from mouth to stomach

Veins

Carry blood towards the heart

Capillaries

Fine best of blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to organs on a cellular level

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Four chambers of the heart

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium and left ventricle

Right atrium

Pumps blood into the right ventricle

Right ventricle

Pumps blood into the lungs via pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary Arteries

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs, oxygen is transferred into the red blood cells

Left atrium

Chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps it into left ventricle

Pulmonary veins

Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Pulmonary circuit

Pulmonary arteries, capillaries and veins

Left ventricle

Strongest and pumps blood to body and head via aorta

Aorta

The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

Foramen ovale

Hole that allows blood flow from the right to left atria

ductus arteriosus

a short thick vessel connecting the pulmonary truck and the aorta

Barchiocephalic trunk

Carries blood to the arms and head

Common carotids

to the brain and head

Subclavian arteries

to the forelimbs, thoracic cavity and that mammary glands

Dorsal aorta

Lies on the dorsal side of the thoracic and abdominal cavity

Coeliac artery

First major branch off the dorsal aorta

Hepatic Artery

To liver

Gastic Artery

To stomach

Splenic arteries

To spleen

Cranial gastroduodenal artery

To cranial aspect of duodenum, pyloric region of the stomach and the pancreas

Cranial mesenteric artery

runs through the mesentery, supplies duodenum, jejunum, ileum, transverse colon and pancreas

Renal arteries

to kidneys

Caudal mesenteric artery

supplies colon, rectum and anal canal

Left common iliac arteries

Splits off abdominal aorta

Caudal artery

to tail

External and internal iliac arteries

to the pelvic organs and hind limbs

Common iliac veins

from the external and internal iliac veins to the caudal vena cava

Caudal vena cava

major vein carrying blood back to the heart

Cranial vena cava

blood from the head, neck and forelimbs

Jugular

Drains blood from the head

Subclavian veins

Drains blood from the forelimbs and thoracic region

Thoracic vertebra

Structural support for the body, protects the nerve cord and associated blood vessels, attachment sites for ribs

Scapula

Muscle attachment for anchoring the forelimb to the rest of the skeleton, shoulder

Rib

Protect organs in the thoracic region

Femur

Weight support during locomotion

Caudal vertebra

Structural support for the tail protect the nerve cord and associated blood vessels