Ansc 3133 Exam 1 (completed)

Normal expansion of size as produced by the accretion of tissue similar in composition to that of the original tissue or organ

Growth

What is true growth?

increased weight of organs

accumulation of fat

Fattening

Is fattening part of true growth?

No

Progression of increased complexity of living organisms due to differential rate of change in individual body components, results in tissues and organs with different functions

Development

Process of an individual through its life cycle

Ontogeny

time from fertilization to parturition

Prenatal

time from parturition to death

Postnatal

Catabolism

degradation

Anabolism

synthesis

all the chemical reactions involved in maintaining cellular life

metabolism

What makes up metabolism?

catabolism and anabolism

Increase in number of cells

hyperplasia

inadequate increase in number of cells

hypoplasia

increase in individual cell size

hypertrophy

decrease in individual cell size

atrophy

The accumulation of intra and intercellular substances

accretion

physiological age

stage of development

Reverse of differentiation

dedifferentiation

a process by which cells of the same type organize into tissues, tissues into organs, and organs into organism according to genetic composition and environmental conditions

Morphogenesis

replacement of injured tissue by tissues of the same type

complete regeneration

What is it called when injured tissues go through regeneration and are replaced by tissues of a different type?

scar tissue

the formation and accumulation of excessive amount connective tissue that mostly happens when regeneration fails

fibrosis

What are the physical components to growth and development?

Bone, lean, fat

Point in time when an animal reaches its highest level of complexity or development

Maturity

What are the chemical components of growth and development?

Water, protein, lipids, ash, carbs, vitamins

period of time in which animal has reached a level of complexity that enables it to grow rapidly

self-accelerating postnatal growth phase

Point of growth where an animal reaches its maximum growth rate; puberty

inflection point

Phase of growth in which growth begins to slow

self-retarding postnatal growth phase

Graph that plats consecutive total weight against time (dependent variable x independent variable)

Cumulative or distance growth curve

Graph that plots consecutive changes in weight against time (changes in dependent variable x independent variable)

Incremental growth curve

Graph that plots consecutive changes in growth rate against total weight

Relative growth curve

about of weight gained each day between 2 time points

Average daily gain

What order do tissues grow in (first to last)?

soft, bone, muscle, fat

Thing in the body grow at different rates (i.e. brain grows faster than liver)

allometric growth

proportions of growth are the same (I.e. brain grows at same rate is liver)

isometric growth

What are the major animal tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Tissue that consists of tightly pacts sheets of cells that cover surfaces and line body cavities

Epithelial

Top side of epithelial cells that face the inside of a cavity, usually exposed to fluid

apical

Bottom side of epithelial tissue that faces the underlying cells

basal

What are the functions of epithelial cells?

protection, absorption, secretion, sensory communication, mucous transport

Epithelial tissue that is a single layer id cells

Simple

Epithelial tissue made of many layers of cells that are routinely shed

Stratified

Epithelial tissue that is made up of thin, flat cells in 1 dimension

squamous

Epithelial tissue that is made up of box-like cells in all dimensions

Cubodial

Epithelial tissue made of cells that are slender or elongated. Nucleus placed toward to base of cell

Columnar

What kinds of connective tissue are there?

dense, loose, regular, adipose, blood, cartilage

What is the most common type of connective tissue?

Loose

What kind of connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments?

Dense (fibrous)

A loose connective tissue that holds organs in place

areolar tissue

What kind of cells are in connective tissue?

Macrophages, mast, fibroblasts

What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissue made of?

ground substance, collagen, elastin, reticulin

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

collagen

What amino acids make up collagen?

proline, glycine, hydroxyproline

Specialized loose connective tissue made of fat cells

adipose

Most common type of fat cell in adults, unilocular (1 large lipid droplet)

White

Multilocular (many small lipid droplets) fat cells present in new-porn and hibernating animals. Restricted around kidney, aorta, and neck and mediastinum in adults

Brown

What kind of connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments and is arranges in parallel?

Dense regular

What kind of connective tissue is found in joint capsules. It is not arranged in parallel and is impact resistant.

Dense irregular

What kind of connective tissue is found in the kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow? They form a storm and provide structural support.

Reticular

What kind of cells form cartilage?

chondrocytes

What kind of cartilage forms the external ear?

Elastic

What kind of cartilage is found in joints?

fibrocartlage

What kind of cartilage is found between the pelvic bones.

Hyaline

Bone cell that builds bone

osteoblast

Bone cell that maintains bone

osteocyte

bone cells that breaks down bone

osteoclast

Bone that provides structural support

Cortical

Bone at ends on long bones containing bone marrow and stem cells

Cancellous

Hematopoietic bone marrow in young animals

red

Bone marrow made of adipose tissue in old animals

Yellow

What is blood made of?

RBC, plasma, WBC, platelets

Part of blood that aid in the formation of clots

platelets

What is lymph made of?

plasma, WBC

What kinds of muscle tissue are there?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Muscle tissue containing highly organized filaments

Striated

Muscle tissue lacking organization of filaments

Non-striated

Type of muscle that is striated, multinucleated, and is voluntarily moved

Skeletal

Type of muscle that is striated, mono- or binucleate, branching, and involuntary movement

Cardiac

Type of muscle that is non-striated, mono nucleated, and involuntary

Smooth

What are bundles of muscle fibers called?

fascicles

Facicles are covered by the _____

perimysium

Muscle fibers are covered by the _____

endomysium

What are myofibrils made up of?

sarcomeres, actin, and myosin

Basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle

Sarcomere

Thin filaments in muscle with a helical structure

Actin

This filaments in muscle with a head and tail structure

Myosin

What zones are sarcomeres made of?

I band, A band, H zone, Z line, M line

Light area around z-line of sarcomere consisting of thin actin filaments not overlapped by this filaments

I band

Dark area of sarcomere which spans the length of the thick filament

A band

light area of sarcomere in the center of the a-band where the thick filaments are not overlapped by the thin filaments

H zone

line that forms periphery of sarcomere where thin actin filaments attach

Z line

Lin found inside h-zone and forms the middle of the sarcomere

M line

Membrane surrounding muscle fibers

sarcolemma

Part of muscle used for storage and release of Ca

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Part of muscle tissue that has bilipid membranes surrounding myofibrils

T tubules

part of muscle that contains areas of sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding T tubules and ensures Ca delivery

Terminal cisternae

Neurotransmitter used in muscle

acetylcholine

Protein in actin

Tropomyosin