AP Psychology Unit 4

Volley principle

Volley principle

________- when frequency gets too high, the nerves take turns.

Cochlear implant

________- electrode that electrically stimulates the nerves to perceive sound.

Depth Perception

________- the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two- dimensional; allows us to judge distance.

Lens

________- the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

Perception

________- the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

Inattentional blindness

________- failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

Moon illusion the moon

________ looks bigger when it is closer to Earth, but doesnt change size.

Oval window

________- where the stirrup connects to the cochlea.

Cocktail party effect

________- at an event, over everything going on around you, you can hear a friend call your name.

Clairvoyance

________ and precognition- being able to predict the future.

Amplitude

________- how high or low the wave goes.

Proximity

________- when things are close together, we are more likely to group them together.

Hue

________- the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue**,** green**, and so forth**

Parallel

________ processing- the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision.

Intensity

________- the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude.

retinal receptor

Cones- ________ cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well- lit conditions.

Psychokinesis

________- being able to move things with your mind.

Frequency

________- the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (i.e.

Perceptual constancy

________- perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.

Opponent

________- process theory- the theory that opposing retinal processes (red- green, yellow- blue, white- black) enable color vision.

Audition

________- the sense or act of hearing.

Monochromatic you

________ have errors with two colors and can only see one.

Dichromatic you

________ have errors with one color and can only see two.

Perceptual set

________- a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.

Sensorineural

________ hearing loss- hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness.

Horizontal

________- vertical illusion- two lines of the exact same length, the vertical one appears taller.

Psychophysics

________- the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

Basilar membrane

________- organ within your cochlea which houses the cilla.

Middle

________ ear- the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window.

visual field

Figure- ground- the organization of the ________ into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

Perceptual adaptation

________- in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.

Tinnitus

________- auditory disorder which causes constant noise which is not actually there (ringing, etc .)

Transduction

________- conversion of one form of energy into another.

Fovea

________- the central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster.

shadow shading

Light and ________ can make things look like they are within or on top of something else.

sound wave

Wavelength- the distance from the peak of one light or ________ to the peak of the next.

Visual

________- cliff- a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.

Blind

________ spot- the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "________ "spot because no receptor cells are located there.

Relative motion

________- if youre moving and looking out at stable objects, and you focus on one point ahead of you, the point will appear to move with you, while the other objects will appear to move in the opposite direction.

Iris

________- a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

Interposition

________- when something is blocking your view of something else, it must be closer to you than the other thing.

Parapsychology

________- the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.

Selective attention

________- the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

Pinna

________- collects the sound waves.

Sensory adaptation

________- diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

retinal disparity

Binocular cues- depth cues, such as ________, that depend on the use of two eyes.

Emotion

________ adaptation- our awareness of other peoples ________.

tight

Eardrum- ________ membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves.

adjustable opening

Pupil- the ________ in the center of the eye through which light enters.

Sensation

________- the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

The Stimulus Input

Light Energy