Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration +

What type of molecules control the rate of reactions in cells?

Enzymes

Write the word equation for aerobic respiration

Glucose + oxygen —-> Water + carbon dioxide (+ energy)

What do plants use the energy from respiration for?

To build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids which are then built up into proteins

Why do athletes 'carb load' before a big race?

To increase stores of glycogen in their muscles. It can be converted into glucose to be used for respiration during the race.

What is fermentation?

Anaerobic respiration in yeast

Write a word equation for fermentation

Glucose —> carbon dioxide + ethanol

Why do muscle cells have lots of mitochondria?

They need to respire lots to produce enough energy for contraction

What happens to muscles when they are subject to long periods of vigorous exercise? Why?

They become fatigued as they build up lactic acid stops enzymes from working

What is meant by 'oxygen debt'?

The amount of oxygen required to oxidise lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water/ the amount of oxygen required to remove the build-up of lactic acid after anaerobic respiration in the muscles.

Why do birds and mammals have a higher rate of respiration than fish and reptiles?

Mammals use energy from respiration to maintain a steady body temperature

When does anaerobic respiration occur?

When there is insufficient oxygen supply

Why does anaerobic respiration release so much less energy than aerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration is the incomplete breakdown of glucose

What is the product of anaerobic respiration?

Lactic acid

What are the 7 key life processes?

Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition

Write the word equation for aerobic respiration

Glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

What changes in the body take place when you exercise?

Heart rate increases, rate and depth of breathing increases, arteries supplying oxygen to the muscles widen, arteries going to the skin widen, glycogen in muscles is broken down into glucose, increase in sweat, and muscles contract/ respire faster

Why might aerobic respiration stop?

Oxygen may not get to the cells fast enough and energy is still needed, muscles stop contracting efficiently

Why is anaerobic respiration not as efficient as aerobic respiration?

Lactic acid (which causes muscle fatigue) is released into the blood, less energy is released as the glucose is not fully broken down, an oxygen dept builds up

What happens to lactic acid after anaerobic respiration?

It needs to be oxidised into carbon and water

What are the changes that happen when you exercise?

Faster transport of glucose and oxygen to muscle cells, faster rate of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the lungs, faster removal of carbon dioxide and lactic acid from the cells, faster rate of respiration in the cells releasing energy faster, faster release of heat from the body preventing enzymes from denaturing.

Where does respiration take place?

All living cells

On which structure in the cells does respiration happen?

Mitochondria

Where is mitochondria found within the cell?

In the cytoplasm

chemical reactions take place in the cytoplasm. What controls the chemical reactions?

Enzymes

Why is it important for all cells to regulate their temperature?

The enzymes would denature, respiration would stop, and the cell would die

Is there any difference in respiration in plants and animals?

No, they are both the same

How is the energy from respiration used?

To build larger molecules from smaller ones (eg. glycogen from glucose), in animals its used to enable muscles to contract, in warm-blooded animals it is used to maintain a steady body heat, in plants it's used to build up sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids which are then built up into proteins.