Apartheid IB EXAM REVIEW

What was the National Party (NP)

Political party to promote White Afrikaner interests

When was the Natinoal Party formed

1914

What is the significance to the National Party

Considered to be the architects of the policy of apartheid

What is the African National Congress (ANC)

Originally attempted to negotiate with the government for change, largely ineffective, with a cautious, conservative approach. - Eventually shifted to more assertive approaches.

What was the goal of the National Party

Break ties with Britain, advance the economic and political power of white Afrikaners, and introduce a strict system of segregation designed to ensure white domination

When was the ANC founded

1912

What influenced the ANC

ANC Youth League

Who was Hendrik Verwoerd

• Minister of Native Affairs in the 1950s, implementing many of the major apartheid laws in the early years

• Prime Minister from (1958-1966) during major grand apartheid legislation, creation of the Republic of South Africa, and Sharpeville Massacre

• Archetiect of apartheid

What was the ANC Youth League’s Programme of Action

Called for mass civil disobedience campaign to incite political change

Who was Oliver Tambo

• Founder of the ANC Youth League with Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu

• After the ANC was banned, he was exiled and organized international resistance, becoming the ANC president in 1967 to 1991

Who was Walter Sisulu

• Coworker and mentor of Nelson Mandela

• Founder of ANC Youth League, and involved in Defiance Campaign and Congress Alliance

• Joined the underground SACP and coordinated with the ANC

• Executive of the MK and arrested in Liliesleaf Raid

• Imprisoned in 1964 during Rivonia Trials and remained in prison until 1990

When was the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) founded

1959 after its split from the ANC

What was the goal of the PAC

‘Government of Africans, by Africans, for Africans’

Why did the PAC split from the ANC

Frustrated by the ANC philosophy of non-racialism and their cooperation with other racial groups

Who was in the PAC

Membership in PAC was exclusive to black Africans

What were the tactics of the PAC

Heavily involved in the mass action of anti-apartheid protests over pass laws/reference books

How did the government respond to the PAC

Sharpville massacre

What is poqo

Military wing of the PAC

What was poqo about

Poqo did not try to avoid endangering human life, and its violent campaign stirred up white fears and helped strengthen support for National Party policies

Who was Robert Sobukwe

• Africanist professor, called for Africans to “liberate” themselves from non-Africans

• Founded the PAC

• Imprisoned on Robben Island after the Sharpeville Massacre, where he stayed until 1969

What was the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA or SACP)

• Non-racial organization- Believed that capitalism enabled and encouraged the systemic oppression of apartheid, both needed to be removed for true equality

• Communists worked with ANC and other anti-apartheid groups, shared members

When was teh CPSA or SACP founded

1921 and banned in 1950

What did the SACP do

Funded MK by buying safe houses like Liliesleaf Farm

Significant person to the SACP

Bram Fischer- joined the underground SACP and the Congress of Democrats when it was banned

What was the MK, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation

Non-racial militant wing formed in 1961 by Nelson Mandela and other ANC leaders after being banned

What was the goal of the MK

Sabotage government and economic infrastructure to force government to negotiate

Who was Nelson Mandela

• Early work with ANC: Founded ANC Youth League in 1944 and promoted mass non-violence

• lead the MK and the resistance’s shift to violence and sabotage

• Found guilty at Rivonia Trial and sentenced to life in prison

• First fully democratically elected president of SA in 1994

Who was Albert Luthuli

• Prominent Zulu Tribal Chief and Christian

• ANC president in 1952

• was charged and acquitted in the Treason Trials

What was the Defiance Campaign

• A large-scale protest against unjust laws, civil disobedience

• Examples: Burn passes, violate Separate Amenities Act, etc

What was the Impact of the Defiance Campaign

• Failed to force government into backing down

• ANC drastically increased numbers (7,000 to 100,000)

• Greater unity among anti-apartheid groups

When was the Criminal Law Amendment Act

1953

What was the Criminal Law Amendment Act (1953):

anyone with a person found guilty of criminal action will be presumed guilty

When was teh Public Safety Act

1953

What was the Public Safety Act (1953):

allowed government to declare state of emergency and detain protesters without trial

When was the freedom Charter

1955

What was The Freedom Charter (1955)

• a revolutionary document

• Non-racial South Africa (non-racial government)

• Focus on human rights and democracy

• Redistribution of wealth and land; nationalization of industry

When was the treason Trial

1956-1961

What was the Treason Trial, 1956-1961

• SA Government reaction to Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter

• Charged 156 leaders with high treason, possible death penalty

• Lasted 4 years

What was the result of the Treason Trial

Weakened movement as leaders were forced to spend money on defense

When were the Alexandra Bus Boycotts

1957

what were the Alexandra Bus Boycotts

Mass organization in response to 20% increase in bus fares

• People walked or rode bikes many miles to enter urban areas from townships

What was the result of the Alexandra Bus Boycotts

Government forced to back down and reduce fares

When was Torch Commando

1951

What was Torch Commando

Anti-apartheid organization created by white World War II veterans

• Angered by disenfranchisement of colored voters by the Separate Representation of Voters Act

When were the Sophia town removals

1955

What were the Sophiatown Removals (1955)

Native Settlement Act passed and police violently forced 60,000 residents to resettle in townships many miles away from the cities

What was Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW)

• Included women from all four “racial groups,” opposed women’s pass laws

• Organized anti-pass protests, like the 20,000 marchers to Pretoria (1956)

• Also organized petitions and letter-sending campaigns

When was the Sharpeville Massacre

March 1950

What was the Sharpeville Massacre

20,000 people participated in a non-violent protest in Sharpeville and Police spontaneously fired onto the crowd, killing 69 and injuring 180

What was the result of the Sharpeville Massacre

• SA Government doubled down on extreme, violent means to end resistance

• Unlawful Organizations Act (1960)

What was the Unlawful Organizations Act (1960)

ANC and PAC outlawed - motivates leaders to adopt an underground, armed struggle

What was the United Nations Resolution 134

blamed SA government for massacre and said they threatened international peace and security

What was the Sabotage Act (1962)

• Acts of sabotage warranted at least 5 years in prison to death penalty

• Burden on accused to prove innocence

What was the General Laws Amendment Act (1963)

Detain anyone for 90 days without having to bring charges

What was Operation Mayibuye

Plan of action document of the MK that was found during the raid at Liliesleaf Farm

What did they find at Liliesleaf Farm

Detailed plan to bring exiled South Africans back into country with arms to wage guerrilla warfare effort

When was the Rivonia Trial

(1963-64)

What was the Rivonia Trial

• Mass arrests of Poqo and MK leaders (1963), they faced the death penalty

• International community outspoken about death penalty, lots of pressure on SA govt.

• Nelson Mandela and 7 other movement leaders were sentenced to life in prison

Result of the Rivonia Trial

• Anti-Apartheid resistance crumbled after the Rivonia Trial as the SA govt. had successfully broken the ANC and PAC

• Leadership in the ANC was passed down to those who escaped capture, fled, or were already in exile

• SA Govt. went on a campaign of terror throughout the country

• No meetings, no political parties, no jobs for those who opposed the government, etc.

What was the The 1913 Native Land Act

Africans were restricted to ownership of land in the reserves (about 7 percent of S.A.)

What were pass laws

Controlled the movement of Africans as they were forced to carry a pass book (passport) which specificed where they could live, work and visit.

What was the Colour Bar

Skilled positions were not available to African workers and were reserved for White African workers in the mines and factories

What is Petty Apartheid

Day to day restrictions, such as separate facilities, intended to segregate the races living a shared space

What is Grand Aparthied

Separate development, long-term policy to keep the different races as separated as possible, by ensuring they lived in different areas (Nations) with different political systems (governments, laws, and voting

What was the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act (1949)

banned marriage between whites and non-whites

What was the Immorality Act (1950)

criminalized sexual relations between unmarried white and non-whites

What was the The Population Registration Act (1950)

Classified all South Africans into race groups (White, Colored, Indian, Black)

What was the Abolition of Passes Act (1952)

Forced Black South Africans, 16 years old and older, to carry a range of documents

What was the Separate Amenities Act (1953)

Complete segregation by race of all public amentities, enforced violently by police

What was the Bantu Education Act (1953)

Restructured school curriculum for Africans; to be trained for obedient and manual labor, no academic focus

What was the Separate University Education Act (1959):

Prevented black students from attending "white" universities (except with government permission) and created separate and unequal institutions for Africans, Coloreds, and Indians respectively

What was the Group Areas Act (1950)

Defined neighborhoods by racial classifications; people of other classifications would be forced to move to different parts of cities

What was the Natives Resettlement Act (1954)

Allowed the Government to force any African out of Sophiatown, Johannesburg and move to the Meadowlands township

What was the Bantu Authorities Act (1953)

Abolished Native Representative Council (advisory group for government) and gave more power to Bantu chiefs

What was the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act (1959)

Set up eight (later extended to ten) distinct 'Bantu Homelands' out of the existing reserves, each with a degree of self-government

What was the Separation of Representation Voters Act (1956)

Officially banned all non-whites from voting, consolidated National Party’s control of government

What was the Suppression of Communist Act (1950)

Banned Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA); placed banning orders on individuals so that they couldn’t speak publicly, used to silence voices