A+P 2 FINAL EXAM LIKE EVER

urinary system function

rids body of waste products

kidneys play an important role in blood

volume, pressure, and composition

the urinary system is closely associated with most other body systems, particularly the

cardiovascular system

components of urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

hilum

spot on kidneys where arteries and veins enter and exit

kidneys sit

behind abdominal cavity in dual membrane sac

compared to the left kidney, the right kidney is

lower and smaller

levels of kidney protection from external to internal

perirenal fat, renal fascia, pararenal fat

papilla in kidney direct urine to

retention cups

major and minor calyces function to

collect urine

kidneys receive WP of cardiac output?

21%

nephrons are primarily in

cortex, but there are some in the medulla also

corpuscle

big ball with hollowed out space for network of afferent arteriole that is tangled up

afferent vessel

goes in

efferent vessel

goes out

space around glomerulus is called

capsular space (contains water)

filtrate production

blood flows into glomerulus, both water and solutes are filtered from blood plasma, and what is left is called filtrate

tubular fluid changes and flow

blood plasma is now called filtrate as it enters proximal convoluted tubule. it flows through the PCT, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubules, and then collecting ducts, and now it is urine

blood flows in kidney,

cortex, and then corpuscle, and then the tube system

180 L of filtrate

are formed daily

filtrate composition

filtered plasma with solutes and little protein

once filtrate is caught in capsular space, it is then funneled into the

proximal convoluted tubule

the visceral layer of glomerular capsule has holes called filtration slits so that

small molecules can pass through while large proteins cannot

blood pressure needs to be high enough to

push stuff out of the filtration slits

osmotic pressure comes from

large proteins that are too big to fit through the filtration slits

glomerular filtration rate

filtrate formed per minute by kidneys

the filtrate formed per day is about 50-60x

the amount of blood in your body

kidneys use GFR to determine

health, especially cardiovascular health

kidneys will sacrifice GFR in order to

maintain blood pressure

intrinsic mechanisms are within the kidneys, while

extrinsic mechanisms are outside of the kidneys

myogenic response

intrinsic response to maintain GFR

myogenic response steps

when blood pressure increases, the renal corpuscle flow goes u, and pushes on afferent vessel walls, creating stretch, which stimulates granular cells to constrict, to slow blood flow to maintain GFR

juxtaglomerular apparatus

a collection of cells at the vascular pole

vascular pole

intersection of afferent and efferent arterioles and convoluted tubule

juxtaglomerular apparatus

a monitoring system that consists of macula densa cells and granular cells

when blood flow is too high,

macula densa cells will sense the extra sodium that should’ve been filtered out, and will tell granular cells to constrict to maintain GFR

intrinsic responses do NOT

rely on nervous system or hormones

myogenic response reacts to blood pressure changes, while the tubuloglomerular response reacts to

NaCl levels in filtrate (both adjust diameter of afferent arteriole)

when blood pressure increases, urine levels will

increase, and VV

kidneys can help restore

good BP

which systems/organs feed into kidneys to maintain BP?

nervous system, liver, and heart

GI tract

30 ft continuous tube lined with a mucus membrane

accessory organs

salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and spleen

liver has ducts

that secrete solutions into intestine

pancreas secretes juices that

aid in digestion

spleen function

breakdown and filtering during digestion

functions of GI tract

ingestion, motility, secretions, digestion, absorption, and elimination

peritoneal cavity

space between the double-layered cavity that surrounds organs

mesentery

a fold of tissue that is a route for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. and holds organs in place and stores fat

lumen

the opening in the GI tract that food goes through

tunics of GI tract

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

submucosa layer has

blood vessels and submucosal nerve plexus

muscularis layer

propels food and has nerve plexus

mucosa layer function

absorption

serosa layer

CT outermost layer that provides structural support

2 types of propulsion

peristalsis (adjacent segments, one direction flow) and segmentation (nonadjacent segments, back and forth flow to mix)

buccal cavity (vestibule)

between gums, lips, and cheek

oral cavity proper

central to buccal cavity, hard palate and tongue area

hard palate is composed of

palatine bones and palatine process of maxillae (slightly corrugated)

intrinsic salivary glands

continuous secretions independent of food. breaks down triglycerides

soft palate

skeletal muscle that closes off nasopharynx

extrinsic glands are

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

parotid gland

anterior to ear, and secretes 20-30% of saliva

submandibular gland

floor of mandible. secretes 60-70% of saliva and releases under tongue

sublingual gland

under tongue. secretes3-5% of saliva

serous cells secrete saliva while

mucous cells secrete mucus

parotid and submandibular glands are mostly serous while the

sublingual gland is mostly mucous

secretions are

97-99.5% water, with electrolytes, salivary amylase, lingual lipase (intrinsic glands only), mucin, metabolic waste, etc.

mastication

mechanical digestion in oral cavity to increase surface area of food for enzyme breakdown

mastication is regulated in the

center of the brainstem

muscles involved in mastication

temporalis and masseter muscles

nasopharynx is in the

posterior wall of nasal cavity

oropharynx is in the

posterior wall of oral cavity

laryngopharynx is found

behind the larynx and connects the pharynx to the esophagus

esophagus f and l

pathway for a food bolus and is found behind the trachea, anterior to the vertebral column

esophagus 2 sphincters

inferior and superior, both push food down to stomach by peristalsis

inferior sphincter is also known as

cardia sphincter

one thing the esophagus does NOT do is

digest. it is ONLY a passing tube

deglutition 3 stages:

oral phase, pharyngeal phase, and esophageal phase

which phases of deglutition are voluntary and involuntary?

oral is voluntary (from mouth to throat) and pharyngeal (from oropharynx to esophagus) and esophageal (from esophagus to stomach) are involuntary

where is protein digestion done

in the stomach

stomach 3 layers of smooth muscle:

longitudinal, circular, and oblique (outer to inner)

during stomach digestion, cardia and pyloric sphincter are both

CLOSED

gastric folds are folds in the stomach that have

pits lined with epithelial cells that secrete mucus, acid, hormones, and enzymes, all to digest proteins

which digestive epithelial cells secrete mucin?

surface mucous cell and mucous neck cell

which digestive epithelial cell secretes pepsinogen (unactivated enzyme)

chief cell

which digestive epithelial cell secretes gastrin (to make cells secrete more juices)

G-cell

which digestive epithelial cell secretes H, Cl, and intrinsic factor?

parietal cell

when you ingest protein, chief cells are stimulated by pH change to secrete, then parietal cells

secrete HCl, which denatures protein and activates pepsinogen into pepsin

how many L of gastric juices are made a day

3 L

end product of mouth digestion

bolus

end product of stomach digestion

chyme

contents of stomach are gradually

released into duodenum

phase 1, cephalic phase is triggered by

thinking about, seeing, or smelling food. the parasympathetic center excite pepsin and acid production

phase 2, gastric phase happens in

stomach and makes chyme

phase 3, intestinal phase

shuts down stomach motion