WMAN 150 Final Exam WVU

Ecological species concept

Set of organisms using the same niche

Phenological species concept

“Tip” on a phylogenetic tree

Phenic species concept

Phenotypically similar

Cohesion species concept

Genetic and/or demographic exchangeability

Biological species concept

Interbreeding, reproductively isolated

Allopatric speciation

Geographically separated (can’t breed)

Sympatric speciation

Isolating mechanisms prevent interbreeding

Primary succession

Pioneers colonize a newly formed habitat

Secondary successsion

Occurs on a substrate that previously supported vegetation

Existence value is calculated based on…

Contingent valuation

____ definite mass extinctions

5

Background rate of extinction

1-10 species per year

R₀ = 1

Stable

R₀ > 1

Increasing

R₀ < 1

Decreasing

Consequences of overexploitation

Skewed gender ratios, decreased genetic variation, skewed age ratios

Bushmeat overexploitation

Hunting + trade of animals. Often unregulated

Commercial overexploitation

Large potential market (tragedy of the commons)

Subsistence overexploitation

Individual use. Impact determined by population size.

Recreational overexploitation

Hunting, fishing, wildlife viewing

Incidental overexploitation

Bycatch

Herd immunity

Large % of individuals are immune

Desertification

Non-functioning deserts caused by human activity. Usually caused by agriculture

Habitat fragmentation results in…

Increased edge habitat, microclimate changes, interspecies interactions, increased disease prevalence

Source

> birth rate than death rate

Sink

> death rate than birth rate

Biomagnification

Toxins concentrate in top predators

Demographic transition, stage 1

High birth rate, high death rate

Demographic transition, stage 2

High birth rate, low death rate

Demographic transition, stage 3

Low birth rate, low death rate

Demographic transition, stage 4

Stable

Malthus

Population growth is geometric

Greater human density leads to ___ biodiversity

Greater

Causes of high human-wildlife conflict

Intermediate agriculture, low #’s of natural prey, climate change, competition for resources

Allee effect

Population size impacts population density which impacts growth rate

Environmental stoichasticity

Random variation in the biological and physical environment

Species survival plans include…

Pedigree information, birth & death rates, instructions on care & reproduction

Augmentation

Supplementing on an existing population

Reintroduction

Returning to historical range

Introduction

Outside of historic range

Herbivores impact on introduction success:

Increase, they require less resources

National monument

Specific natural resources

National park

Protection and recreation

Biological station

Science

Habitat management areas

Intervention

Protected land/seascapes

Conservation and recreation

Managed resource area

Sustainable use

the four “R’s”

Redundancy, reality, resilience, representation

ESA Section 9

Federal

ESA Section 7

Private

DPS under ESA

Vertebrates; discrete & significant

Current wetland policy

Continuous surface connection

RAMSAR

Wetlands

CBD

Genetic resources

CMS

Migratory species

NGO

Non-profits