Chapter 12:Introduction to organic chemistry: Alkanes

Combustion

________ is a chemical reaction that produces a flame, usually because of burning with oxygen.

Rotation

________ is not possible around the carbon- carbon bonds in cycloalkanes without breaking open the ring.

Halogenation

________ is the replacement of an alkane hydrogen by a chlorine or bromine in a process initiated by heat or light.

Alkyl halides

________ have a carbon- halogen bond; alcohols have a carbon- oxygen bond; ethers have two carbons bonded to the same oxygen; and amines have a carbon- nitrogen bond.

Substituent

________ is an atom or group of atoms attached to a parent compound.

Alkanes

________ do not react with acids, bases, or most other common laboratory reagents (a substance that causes a reaction to occur)

Carbon

________ is tetravalent; it always forms four bonds.

London

→Intermolecular forces are what cause molecules to aggregate or "stick "to one another; hydrogen bonds are the strongest, dipole- dipole forces follow in strength, and ________ dispersion forces are the weakest.

Hydrocarbons

________ are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen.

Cycloalkane

________ is an alkane that contains a ring of carbon atoms.

Alkenes

________ contain a carbon- carbon double- bond functional group; alkynes contain a carbon- carbon triple- bond functional group; and aromatic compounds contain a six- membered benzene ring of carbon atoms with three alternating double bonds.

Conformation

________ is the specific three- dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule achieved specifically through rotations around carbon- carbon single bonds.

Constitutional isomers

________ are compounds with the same molecular formula but different connections among their atoms.

organic compound methane

In the ________, for example, carbon is connected to four hydrogen atoms, with each hydrogen donating its valence electron to carbon to fill out its octet.

organic molecules

There are three major intermolecular forces involving ________: dipole- dipole forces, hydrogen bonding and London dispersion forces.

methane

Because it has groups attached to the carbon, ________ is both tetrahedral and tetravalent.

Cycloalkanes

________ are named by a straightforward extension of the rules for naming open- chain alkanes.

Alkanes

________ have only single bonds and contain no functional groups.

Conformer

________ are the molecular structures having identical connections between atoms where the interconversion of C¬C bond rotations results only in a different spatial arrangement of atoms.

Functional groups that contain sulfur

thioalcohols (known simply as thiols), sulfides, and disulfides

STEP 1

Name the main chain

STEP 2

Number the carbon atoms in the main chain, beginning at the end nearer the first branch point

STEP 3

Identify the branching substituents, and number each according to its point of attachment to the main chain

STEP 4

Write the name as a single word, using hyphens to separate the numbers from the different prefixes and commas to separate numbers, if necessary

There are three major intermolecular forces involving organic molecules

dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding and London dispersion forces

STEP 1

Use the cycloalkane name as the parent

STEP 2

Identify and number the substituents