Chapter 12:Introduction to organic chemistry: Alkanes

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Combustion

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27 Terms

1

Combustion

________ is a chemical reaction that produces a flame, usually because of burning with oxygen.

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2

Rotation

________ is not possible around the carbon- carbon bonds in cycloalkanes without breaking open the ring.

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3

Halogenation

________ is the replacement of an alkane hydrogen by a chlorine or bromine in a process initiated by heat or light.

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4

Alkyl halides

________ have a carbon- halogen bond; alcohols have a carbon- oxygen bond; ethers have two carbons bonded to the same oxygen; and amines have a carbon- nitrogen bond.

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5

Substituent

________ is an atom or group of atoms attached to a parent compound.

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6

Alkanes

________ do not react with acids, bases, or most other common laboratory reagents (a substance that causes a reaction to occur)

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7

Carbon

________ is tetravalent; it always forms four bonds.

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8

London

→Intermolecular forces are what cause molecules to aggregate or "stick "to one another; hydrogen bonds are the strongest, dipole- dipole forces follow in strength, and ________ dispersion forces are the weakest.

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9

Hydrocarbons

________ are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen.

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10

Cycloalkane

________ is an alkane that contains a ring of carbon atoms.

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11

Alkenes

________ contain a carbon- carbon double- bond functional group; alkynes contain a carbon- carbon triple- bond functional group; and aromatic compounds contain a six- membered benzene ring of carbon atoms with three alternating double bonds.

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12

Conformation

________ is the specific three- dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule achieved specifically through rotations around carbon- carbon single bonds.

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13

Constitutional isomers

________ are compounds with the same molecular formula but different connections among their atoms.

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14

organic compound methane

In the ________, for example, carbon is connected to four hydrogen atoms, with each hydrogen donating its valence electron to carbon to fill out its octet.

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organic molecules

There are three major intermolecular forces involving ________: dipole- dipole forces, hydrogen bonding and London dispersion forces.

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16

methane

Because it has groups attached to the carbon, ________ is both tetrahedral and tetravalent.

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17

Cycloalkanes

________ are named by a straightforward extension of the rules for naming open- chain alkanes.

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18

Alkanes

________ have only single bonds and contain no functional groups.

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19

Conformer

________ are the molecular structures having identical connections between atoms where the interconversion of C¬C bond rotations results only in a different spatial arrangement of atoms.

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20

Functional groups that contain sulfur

thioalcohols (known simply as thiols), sulfides, and disulfides

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21

STEP 1

Name the main chain

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22

STEP 2

Number the carbon atoms in the main chain, beginning at the end nearer the first branch point

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23

STEP 3

Identify the branching substituents, and number each according to its point of attachment to the main chain

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24

STEP 4

Write the name as a single word, using hyphens to separate the numbers from the different prefixes and commas to separate numbers, if necessary

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25

There are three major intermolecular forces involving organic molecules

dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding and London dispersion forces

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26

STEP 1

Use the cycloalkane name as the parent

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27

STEP 2

Identify and number the substituents

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