Overview of Enzyme Characteristics and Cellular Respiration

This set of flashcards includes key concepts and definitions related to enzyme characteristics and cellular respiration from the lecture notes provided.

Enzymes are composed mostly of __.

Protein

Enzymes act as __ catalysts to speed up the rate of cellular reactions.

Organic

Enzymes lower the __ energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed.

Activation

Enzymes provide an active site for target molecules called __.

Substrates

Enzymes can be __ and function in extremely low concentrations.

Recycled

Factors affecting enzyme activity include substrate concentration and __ conditions.

Environmental

In competitive inhibition, a molecule __ for the substrate site.

Competes

The three phases of cellular respiration are glycolysis, __ oxidation, and the citric acid cycle.

Pyruvate

Fermentation is employed in the absence of __.

Oxygen

The citric acid cycle produces ATP by __-level phosphorylation.

Substrate

During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of __.

Pyruvate

In oxidative phosphorylation, high-energy electrons are delivered to __.

Oxygen

The ATP produced during cellular respiration occurs in glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the __ cycle.

Citric Acid

Fermentation converts pyruvate into either __ or lactate.

Ethanol

Strict anaerobes require an __-free environment to survive.

Oxygen

Facultative anaerobes can switch between fermentation and __ pathways.

Oxidative

The theoretical maximum ATP yield from cellular respiration is __ ATP.

38

The efficiency of cellular glucose oxidation is about __ percent.

33%

The electron transport chain is located in the inner __ membrane.

Mitochondrial

Glycolysis occurs in the __ of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Cytoplasm

Anaerobic respiration transfers electrons to a transport chain where the final electron acceptor is a molecule other than __.

Oxygen

In the citric acid cycle, each turn generates __ NADH.

3

The process of gluconeogenesis converts intermediates back into __.

Glucose