CH2: History and Ethics

China

Developed psychological testing early, granting privileges to passers.

Ancient Egyptians & Greco-Roman

Related mental health to bodily fluids, lacked formal assessments.

Darwin

Introduced natural selection and emphasized individual differences.

Galton

Utilized statistics in psychological experiments, measured physical attributes.

Wilhelm Wundt

Focused on similarity and the need to standardize conditions.

James Mc Keen Cattell

Introduced mental tests, emphasized individual differences in reaction time.

Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon

Developed the first intelligence test for identifying mentally retarded children.

David Wechsler

Created a test to measure intelligence, later evolved into WAIS.

Robert S

Introduced personality measurement, focused on general adjustment and emotions.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A projective test where individuals project unique needs, hopes, and fears.

Academic Tradition

University researchers use assessment tools to advance knowledge.

Applied Tradition

Selecting applicants based on merit is the goal.

Culture

Socially transmitted behavior patterns and beliefs influencing assessment.

Henry Goddard

Linked the majority of immigrants to low mental capacity.

Affirmative Action

Efforts to combat discrimination and promote equal opportunity.

Legal & Ethical Considerations

Involves laws, ethics, and codes defining standards of care.

Reverse Discrimination

Favoring minority groups in hiring or promotions.

Disparate Treatment

Intentional discrimination in hiring or promotion practices.

Disparate Impact

Consequence of hiring/promoting practice that unintentionally yielded to discrimination.

Litigation

Interpreting laws through court decisions, involving lawsuits.

Rights of Test Takers

Include informed consent, knowledge of findings, privacy, and confidentiality.

Informed Consent

Test takers must have full knowledge and consent to take the test.

Privacy & Confidentiality

Respecting individuals' freedom to disclose information and keeping privileged data private.