PHOL 488: Personality Disorders & Bipolar Disorders

Vocabulary flashcards covering Personality Disorders (Clusters A, B, and C) and Bipolar Disorders (I, II, and Cyclothymia), including pathophysiology and treatment mechanisms.

Personality Disorders

Pervasive, enduring patterns of thinking, perceiving, reacting, and relating that cause significant distress or functional impairment.

Cluster A

A category of personality disorders characterized by appearing odd or eccentric, including Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal disorders.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A Cluster A disorder characterized by pervasive mistrust and suspicion of others.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A Cluster A disorder characterized by a general disinterest in others and social relationships.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A Cluster A disorder characterized by eccentric ideas, odd behavior, and discomfort with close relationships.

Cluster B

A category of personality disorders characterized by appearing dramatic, emotional, or erratic, including Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic disorders.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A Cluster B disorder characterized by social irresponsibility, disregard for others, deceitfulness, and manipulation for personal gain.

Borderline Personality Disorder

A Cluster B disorder characterized by inner emptiness, unstable relationships, and emotional dysregulation.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A Cluster B disorder characterized by attention seeking and excessive emotionality.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A Cluster B disorder characterized by self-grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.

Cluster C

A category of personality disorders characterized by appearing anxious and fearful, including Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-compulsive disorders.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A Cluster C disorder characterized by the avoidance of interpersonal contact due to sensitivity to rejection.

Dependent Personality Disorder

A Cluster C disorder characterized by submissiveness and an excessive need to be taken care of.

Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

A Cluster C disorder characterized by perfectionism, rigidity, and obstinacy.

Borderline Personality Disorder Prevalence

Estimated to affect between $1.4 - 2\%$ of the population.

Avoidant Personality Disorder Prevalence

Estimated to affect between $1.5 - 2.5\%$ of the population.

Bipolar Disorder

A chronic and recurrent disorder affecting $>1\%$ of the global population, characterized by biphasic mood episodes of mania or hypomania and depression.

Mania

A severe mood state lasting at least $7$ consecutive days that causes profound impairment, possible psychosis, and high risk-taking behaviors.

Hypomania

A mild mood state lasting at least $4$ consecutive days that does not disrupt social or work life and lacks psychosis.

Minor depression

A subclinical diagnosis characterized by $2-4$ concurrent symptoms, including depressed mood or loss of interest, lasting for two weeks.

Major depression

A mood state characterized by $5$ or more concurrent symptoms lasting for two weeks, causing severe disruption to daily life and personal care.

Bipolar I

A diagnosis characterized by at least one full manic episode, regardless of hypomanic or depressive episodes.

Bipolar II

A diagnosis characterized by one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode, with no history of full manic episodes.

Cyclothymia

A disorder requiring at least $2$ years ($1$ year for children) of recurring, fluctuating mood states present for more than half the time without a stable period longer than $2$ months.

Nucleus accumbens (NAc)

A limbic brain region where increased neuronal firing of glutamatergic and DA neurons is involved in manic episodes.

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A limbic brain region associated with increased dopamine neuron firing during manic symptoms.

Dendritic spine loss

A neuronal change observed in the prefrontal cortex ($PFC$) of post-mortem tissue from patients with Bipolar Disorder.

Dopamine (DA) in Mania

Symptom state associated with increased firing of $DA$ neurons in limbic areas leading to increased $DA$ availability.

Dopamine (DA) in Depression

Symptom state associated with a down-regulation of $DA$ receptor sensitivity or increased reuptake, leading to decreased $DA$ transmission.

Allostatic load

A systemic consequence of Bipolar Disorder related to the wear and tear on the body from chronic stress and mood cycles.

Ramified Microglia

A homeostatic state of microglia associated with the premorbid or healthy brain state.

Dystrophic Microglia

A microglial state associated with neurodegeneration and late-phase disease in Bipolar Disorder.

Euthymia

A relatively stable, baseline mood state in Bipolar Disorder between manic and depressive episodes.

2nd Generation Antipsychotics

Medications that act as serotonin ($5-HT_{2A}$) and dopamine ($D_2$) antagonists, such as Quetiapine and Risperidone.

Lamotrigine

A sodium ($Na^+$) channel blocker used to stabilize neuronal membranes and prevent the release of glutamate.

Lurasidone

A potent antagonist at $D_2$ and $5-HT_{2A}$ receptors, an agonist/partial agonist at $5-HT_{1A}$, and an antagonist at $5-HT_7$ receptors.

Inositol depletion hypothesis

The hypothesis suggesting that an overactive $InsP$ signal underlies mania and that Lithium works by depleting inositol.

IMPase (Inositol monophosphatase)

An enzyme in the inositol signaling pathway that is inhibited by Lithium.

Glutamate

One of the key neurotransmitters associated with signaling imbalances in Bipolar Disorder pathophysiology.

Cognitive Symptoms in Bipolar Disorder

Highly prevalent features including altered reaction time and highly impaired verbal memory, visual memory, and executive function.