09.A BIO The Work of Gregor Mendel ALL (PART A)

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29 Terms

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Inheritance

The process in which genetic material is passed from parents to their offspring

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Genetics

The study of heredity

<p>The study of heredity</p>
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Trait

A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another such as plant height, seed color, seed shape, flower color, etc.

<p>A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another such as plant height, seed color, seed shape, flower color, etc.</p>
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Gene

The sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome that codes for a protein and determines a trait

<p>The sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome that codes for a protein and determines a trait</p>
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Allele

A form of a gene; for example, the gene for flower color could produce either purple flowers or white flowers; expressed by letters such as R (purple) or r (white)

<p>A form of a gene; for example, the gene for flower color could produce either purple flowers or white flowers; expressed by letters such as R (purple) or r (white)</p>
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Self-pollination

The fusion of sperm and egg produced by the same organism

<p>The fusion of sperm and egg produced by the same organism</p>
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Cross-pollination

The process by which sperm from one flower's pollen fertilizes the eggs in a flower of a different plant; also known as cross-fertilization

<p>The process by which sperm from one flower's pollen fertilizes the eggs in a flower of a different plant; also known as cross-fertilization</p>
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Dominant

A trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present that is represented by a capital letter such

<p>A trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present that is represented by a capital letter such</p>
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Recessive

A trait that will only appear in the phenotype if organism inherits two of them; covered up by the dominant gene that is represented by a lowercase letter

<p>A trait that will only appear in the phenotype if organism inherits two of them; covered up by the dominant gene that is represented by a lowercase letter</p>
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True-breeding

Inherited two identical alleles for a trait; homozygous or purebred

<p>Inherited two identical alleles for a trait; homozygous or purebred</p>
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Segregation

The separation of alleles during meiosis or gamete formation

<p>The separation of alleles during meiosis or gamete formation</p>
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Gamete

Sex cell; sperm or egg

<p>Sex cell; sperm or egg</p>
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Independent assortment

A principle that genes do not influence each other's inheritance because they are separated independently during meiosis

<p>A principle that genes do not influence each other's inheritance because they are separated independently during meiosis</p>
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Hybrid

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; heterozygous for the trait; Tt

<p>An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; heterozygous for the trait; Tt</p>
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Principle of Dominance

Mendel's conclusion that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

<p>Mendel's conclusion that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive</p>
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Law of Segregation

Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

<p>Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete</p>
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Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel's second law, stating that each allele pair segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characteristics are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes

<p>Mendel's second law, stating that each allele pair segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characteristics are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes</p>
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Gregor Mendel

Austrian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884); experiments with pea plants led to the law of dominance, independent assortment, and segregation.

<p>Austrian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884); experiments with pea plants led to the law of dominance, independent assortment, and segregation.</p>
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Flower

Reproductive structure of the plant

<p>Reproductive structure of the plant</p>
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Pollen

A fine powdery substance, typically yellow, produced by the male part of a flower that contains the male gametes or sperm

<p>A fine powdery substance, typically yellow, produced by the male part of a flower that contains the male gametes or sperm</p>
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Ovule

A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant that contains the female germ cell and after fertilization becomes the seed; female gamete

<p>A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant that contains the female germ cell and after fertilization becomes the seed; female gamete</p>
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P Generation

Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross

<p>Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross</p>
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F1 Generation

The first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms

<p>The first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms</p>
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F2 Generation

The second generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two F1 organisms

<p>The second generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two F1 organisms</p>
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Pea Traits (Examples)

Seed shape
Seed color
Flower color
Pod shape
Pod color
Flower Location
Plant height

<p>Seed shape<br>Seed color<br>Flower color<br>Pod shape<br>Pod color<br>Flower Location<br>Plant height</p>
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Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits such as height, flower color, seed shape, etc.

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Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations such as TT, Tt, tt

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Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait such as Tt

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Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait such as TT or tt