APUSH - Period 3 (Topics 3.8 - 3.9)
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71 Terms
Why did Americans think the Articles of Confederation were weak?
Economic instability, foreign threats, and internal unrest.
What was the Annapolis Convention for?
To address interstate commerce problems.
Why was the Annapolis Convention unsuccessful?
Only five states sent delegates.
Who called for a larger meeting after the Annapolis Convention?
James Madison and Alexander Hamilton.
What resulted from the Annapolis Convention?
Call for a Philadelphia convention to revise the Articles.
When did Congress approve the Philadelphia Convention?
1787.
What were delegates supposed to do at the Philadelphia Convention?
Revise the Articles of Confederation.
What did the delegates actually do at the Philadelphia Convention?
Created a new framework of government.
Which state did not send delegates to the Philadelphia Convention?
Rhode Island.
How many delegates attended the Constitutional Convention?
55.
Who was George Washington at the convention?
Presiding officer, gave legitimacy.
Who was James Madison?
Primary author, “Father of the Constitution.”
What was Alexander Hamilton’s view on government?
Strong nationalist, favored powerful central government.
Who wrote the final language of the Constitution?
Gouverneur Morris.
Who was John Dickinson?
Delegate from Delaware and Pennsylvania.
What is federalism?
Power divided between national and state governments.
Why was federalism included in the Constitution?
To prevent either level from becoming too powerful.
What is separation of powers?
Division into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
Why did the Constitution separate powers?
To prevent concentration of power.
What are checks and balances?
Tools for each branch to limit others.
Why were checks and balances included?
To ensure accountability and prevent abuse.
What conflict existed between large and small states?
Representation.
What was the Virginia Plan?
Representation based on population (large states).
What was the New Jersey Plan?
Equal representation for each state (small states).
What was the Great Compromise?
Bicameral legislature: Senate equal, House by population.
Why was slavery an issue at the convention?
Moral and political conflict affecting power.
What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?
Enslaved people counted as 3/5 for representation/taxation.
What decision was made about the slave trade?
Allowed until 1808.
What was the trade issue between North and South?
Federal control vs. Southern fear of export taxes.
What was the trade compromise?
Congress regulates trade but no export taxes.
How was the presidency structured?
Single executive, four-year term, no original limit.
How was the president chosen?
Electoral College.
What was the purpose of the presidency’s design?
Balance independence with accountability.
What was the ratification process for the Constitution?
1787, special state conventions, 9 of 13 states.
Who were the Federalists?
Supporters of ratification, favored strong national government.
Who were the key Federalists?
Hamilton, Madison, Jay.
Who mainly supported the Federalists?
Merchants, urban residents, property owners.
Who were the Anti-Federalists?
Opposed ratification, feared loss of liberties.
What did Anti-Federalists demand?
Written protections for rights.
Who mainly supported the Anti-Federalists?
Farmers and rural settlers.
What were the Federalist Papers?
Essays defending Constitution by Hamilton, Madison, Jay.
Why were the Federalist Papers important?
Persuaded undecided voters.
What was the Bill of Rights debate?
Anti-Federalists demanded protections.
How did Federalists respond to the Bill of Rights demand?
Promised Bill of Rights after ratification.
Which state made the Constitution official?
New Hampshire.
Which other states ratified after close debates?
Virginia and New York.
What was the main purpose of the Constitution?
Fix Articles’ weaknesses, balance national power and liberties.
How did Enlightenment ideas influence the Constitution?
Ideas about government and human rights.
How does federalism function under the Constitution?
Shared power: national handles defense, foreign policy, commerce; states handle local matters.
What are the powers of the legislative branch?
Make laws, collect taxes, control spending; bicameral for balance.
What are the powers of the executive branch?
Enforce laws, commander in chief, veto, make treaties.
What is the role of the judicial branch?
Interpret laws, check constitutionality.
How can Congress and courts check the president?
Congress can override veto/impeach; courts can declare actions unconstitutional.
How did federal power change over time?
Expanded through amendments and court decisions (e.g., 19th Amendment).
What is the Bill of Rights?
First ten amendments protecting freedoms and limiting government.
What does the First Amendment protect?
Religion, speech, press, assembly, petition.
What does the Second Amendment protect?
The right to bear arms.
What does the Fourth Amendment protect?
Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures.
What does the Fifth Amendment protect?
Due process and protection against self-incrimination.
What does the Sixth Amendment protect?
The right to a fair and speedy trial.
What does the Eighth Amendment protect?
Protection from cruel and unusual punishment.
What does the Ninth Amendment state?
Rights not listed are retained by the people.
What does the Tenth Amendment state?
Powers not given to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people.