Maddie Robinson Chapter 2: Cytology

What is cytology?

the study of cells

What is the cell theory?

1. all plants are made of cells

2. all animals are made of cells

3. all cells come from pre-existing cells

Who are the scientists that came up with the cell theory?

1. Matthias Schleiden (botanist)

2. Theodore Schwann (zoologist)

3. Rudolf Virchow (pathologist)

How are cells limited in size?

cells divide when they get too big

What does pro- mean?

before

What does karyo- mean?

nucleus

What are fimbriae?

attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryates;

What is the nucleoid?

region where the prokaryote’s DNA is; not enclosed by a membrane

What does -oid mean?

resembles

What does eu- mean?

true

How big are animal cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

100x the size

What is the cell membrane?

provides a shape and boundary for the cell

What does the cell membrane act as?

a semi-permeable membrane

What does semi-permeable mean?

allows some things to enter, but not everything

Describe the phospholipid bilayer:

2 heads; hydrophilic and -phobic; purpose is to separate 2 fluid compartments

What does philia mean?

loving or liking

What does phobic mean?

hating or fearful of

What are microvilli?

folded cell membranes that increase surface area

What is the cytoplasm made of?

cytosol (jelly-like substance) and the cytoskeleton (provides shape)

What happens when too much waste product accumulates in the cell?

the cell excretes it or it becomes toxic

What do all living things need to be surrounded by?

fluid

What is the purpose of a phospholipid bi-layer?

seperate 2 fluid compartments

What are embedded proteins?

proteins on the surface of the phospholipid bi-layer

What are ion channels?

can open and close based on what is going through; specific to Na, K, Ca, and Cl

What are transporter/carrier proteins?

specific to sugars/amino acids;

may require energy (ATP) —> active transport

What are enzymes?

proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions

What are receptor sites?

specific for certain hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs

activation of them causes changes in cellular activity

What are recognition sites?

allow white blood cells to recognize your cells from foreign cells

What are side effects?

unintended effects from medicine/drugs

What are two immunosuppressant drugs?

corticosteroids and prednisone

What is thalidomide?

medicine to curb morning sickness

What was the side effects of thalidomide?

caused limb deformities in children of pregnant women

nucleus

contains DNA, nuclear membrane

nucleolus

stores RNA

chromatin

uncoiled DNA

chromosomes

coiled up DNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

network of tubular canals

function of the ER

circulatory system for transport of molecules

function of the smooth ER

lipid and steroid metabolism

on the rough ER

ribosomes

ribosomes

synthesize proteins

golgi complex

stack of membranous saccules

function of golgi complex

stores, modifies, and packages enzymes/hormones

vacuoles

larger storage

vessicles

smaller storage

lysosomes

suicide bags (cell death)

lysosomes contain

digestive enzymes

where lysosomes are made

golgi complex

autolysis

programmed cell death

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

cellular respiration

generation of ATP

centrioles

involved in cell division

where centrioles are found

animal cells

2 organelles for motion

flagella and cilia

flagella

whip-like tail for movement

cilia

fine hairs for movement

places cilia is found

1. airway of lungs 2. fallopian tubes

interphase

period where cell is formed until division

G1 phase of interphase

active protein synthesis and formation of cytoplasmic organelles

S phase of interphase

chromosomes replicates

G2 phase of interphase

formation of mitotic structure

mitotic phase

cell division

prophase

DNA coils up into chromosomes

metaphase

chromosomes line up in middle of cell

anaphase

chromosomes move apart

telophase

cytokinesis

cytokinesis

cell seperates into two

how often skin, blood, and alimentary canal cells divide

continuously

alimentary canal

gastrointestinal tract

how often liver and kidney cells divide

as needed

how often muscle and nerve cells divide

lose their ability

amniotic

without mitosis

types of abnormal cell division

hyperplasia and neoplasm

hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

neoplasm

tumor

malignant tumors

cancerous

end result of meiosis

2 gametes

where meiosis occurs

reproductive organs

karyokinesis

nuclear movement

soma

body

karyotype

chart of all chromosomes