Chapter 1 A&P Notes

Anatomy

study of structure of body

Physiology

how things in body work or function

cytology

the study of cells

histology

study of tissues

What are the two major concepts in A&P?

1. Principle of Complementarity- structure fits function

2. Homeostasis- maintaining a steady state INTERNALLY

What is hierarchy?

least complex to most complex

Ex: chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

How many different types of cells are in the human body?

242

How many types of tissues are in the human body?

4

Ex: Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

What is considered an organ?

a structure containing two or more types of tissues

What are the 11 organ systems in the body?

MR. DICE RUNS +L

Muscular, Respiratory, Digestive, Integumentary, Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Reproductive, Urinary, Nervous, Skeletal, Lymphatic/Immunity

What are the 8 necessary life functions?

1. Maintain boundaries

   (Ex: cell level-plasma membranes/ organism level-skin) (a barrier from external factors)

2. Movement

   (Ex: locomotion, propulsion)

3. Responsiveness

   (Ex: ability to sense changes in environment and respond to them) (like temperature: its cold so we shiver)

4. Digestion

   (Ex: breakdown of ingested foods)

5. Metabolism

   (Ex: all chemical reactions that occur in our body) (ex being breaking down food for energy)

6. Excretion

   (Ex: removal of waste)

7. Reproduction

   (Ex: cells divide/sperm and egg unite)

8. Growth

   (Ex: increase in size of body parts or organism)

What are the 5 basic survival needs of humans?

1. Nutrients

   (for energy and cell building)

2. Oxygen

   (for metabolic reactions to take place)

3. Water

   (necessary environment for chemical reactions)

4. Normal Body Temp

   (for chemical reactions to take at life-sustaining rates)

5. Atmospheric Pressure

   (for proper breathing)

What is homeostasis?

maintaining a stable INTERNAL environment in an everchanging outside world

What are vestigial Organs?

organs that used to have a function

Ex: body hair

What is negative feedback?

the output shuts off original stimulus
(little degree of change)

Ex: regulation of body temp

What is positive feedback?

the output exaggerates original stimulus
Ex: regulation of blood clotting, contractions during childbirth

Tube within a tube examples?

Skin is outer tube and mouth, or digestive tract are inner tube

Cephalization

concentration of developed sensory organs in the head
Ex: eyes, ears, and nose

Importance of the diaphragm? Where is it found?

allows us to take deep breaths

Found in between the thoracic and abdominal cavity