Biology 1 Term 1 Examination Reviewer

Vocabulary flashcards covering cell theory, microscopy, organelles, cell cycle, membrane transport, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration.

Robert Hooke

Scientist who observed thin slices of cork under a microscope in 1665 and named the box-like structures 'cells'.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Scientist who improved microscope technology in 1674 and was the first to observe living cells and microorganisms, which he called 'animalcules'.

Matthias Schleiden

German botanist who studied plants and concluded in 1838 that all plants are made of cells.

Theodor Schwann

German zoologist who studied animals and concluded in 1839 that all animals are made of cells.

Rudolf Virchow

Scientist who expanded cell theory in 1855 by stating that new cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Cell Theory

Biological theory stating that all living organisms are made of one or more cells, the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Microscopy

The scientific study of using microscopes to observe objects or specimens too small to be seen by the naked eye.

Total Magnification

The overall enlargement of a specimen, calculated as ocular magnification multiplied by objective magnification.

Linear Magnification

The magnification provided by the objective lens only.

Resolving Power

The ability of a microscope to distinguish two close points as separate.

Limit of Resolution

The smallest distance between two points that can still be distinguished.

Numerical Aperture (NA)

A value indicating the light-gathering ability of an objective lens.

Refractive Index (RI)

The ability of a medium to deflect light.

Working Distance

The distance between the specimen and the objective lens when focused.

Field of Vision

The area visible through the microscope.

Depth of Focus

The depth of the specimen that can be in clear focus at one time.

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Microscope part used for major or initial focusing.

Fine Adjustment Knob

Microscope part used for precise focusing, especially when switching to HPO.

Iris Diaphragm

Microscope optical part that controls the amount and intensity of light.

Condenser

Microscope optical part that focuses light onto the specimen.

Prokaryotic Cell

A smaller, simpler cell type lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, with DNA located in a nucleoid region.

Eukaryotic Cell

A larger, more complex cell type containing a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Cell Cycle

The series of events through which a cell grows, copies its DNA, and divides, consisting of G1, S, G2, and M stages.

G1 Phase

Stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows, performs normal functions, and produces cellular components.

S Phase

Stage of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated.

G2 Phase

Stage of the cell cycle where the cell continues growing and prepares for division.

M Phase

Stage of the cell cycle during which nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasm division (cytokinesis) occur.

Mitosis

Nuclear division process that produces genetically similar daughter cells for growth, tissue repair, cell replacement, and asexual reproduction.

Prophase

Stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense and become visible.

Metaphase

Stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

Stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.

Telophase

Stage of mitosis where new nuclei form around separated chromatids.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm following nuclear division.

Meiosis

Cell division process that produces gametes, reducing the chromosome number by half from 1 diploid cell to 4 genetically different haploid cells.

Crossing Over

Event during Prophase I of meiosis where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange corresponding sections of DNA to increase genetic variation.

Recombination

The formation of new combinations of genetic information resulting from crossing over.

Passive Transport

Movement of substances across a cell membrane from higher to lower concentration without requiring cellular energy (ATP).

Active Transport

Movement of substances against a concentration gradient (lower to higher concentration) requiring energy, usually ATP.

Simple Diffusion

Passive transport of small molecules directly through the membrane from high to low concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive movement of molecules across a membrane through membrane proteins from high to low concentration without ATP.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Endocytosis

Cellular transport process where material is taken into the cell using the membrane.

Exocytosis

Cellular transport process where material is released outside the cell.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Model describing the cell membrane as a fluid structure of moving lipids and proteins arranged in a mosaic.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Basic double-layer membrane structure formed by phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing water and hydrophobic tails avoiding water.

Insulin

Hormone that helps cells take up glucose from the blood and helps regulate and lower blood glucose levels.

Type 1 Diabetes

Condition where the immune system attacks insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in little or no insulin production.

Type 2 Diabetes

Condition where the body develops insulin resistance, causing cells to respond less effectively to insulin.

Cystic Fibrosis

Genetic disorder affecting a membrane protein involved in chloride ion movement, leading to abnormal salt/water movement and thick, sticky mucus.

Stomata

Openings in the leaf epidermis involved in gas exchange ($\text{CO}_2$ entry) and regulating water loss.

Paper Chromatography

Technique used to separate plant pigments based on their differing interactions with paper and solvent.

Retention Factor ($R_f$)

Chromatography calculation defined by $R_f = \frac{\text{Distance traveled by pigment}}{\text{Distance traveled by solvent}}$.

Photosynthesis

Process by which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy, represented by $6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{light energy} \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2$.

Thylakoid Membrane

Structure in chloroplasts that serves as the site of light-dependent reactions.

Stroma

Fluid-filled region in chloroplasts that serves as the site of the Calvin cycle.

Photolysis

The light-driven splitting of water ($\text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{H}^+ + e^- + \text{O}_2$) in Photosystem II to replace lost electrons.

Calvin Cycle

Light-independent pathway in the stroma using ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into G3P and carbohydrates.

RuBisCO

Enzyme in the Calvin cycle that attaches $\text{CO}_2$ to RuBP during carbon fixation.

Cellular Respiration

Series of metabolic processes that release energy stored in organic molecules like glucose and transfer it into ATP.

Mitochondrial Matrix

Internal fluid-filled region of the mitochondrion that is the site of pyruvate conversion and the citric acid cycle.

Cristae

Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for electron transport proteins and ATP synthase.

Glycolysis

First stage of cellular respiration occurring in the cytosol that breaks 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate, yielding a net 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

Chemiosmosis

Process where H+ ions flow back through ATP synthase down a proton gradient, providing energy to convert ADP and Pi into ATP.

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration pathway requiring oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the ETS, harvesting energy completely to produce high ATP levels.

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration pathway occurring when oxygen is unavailable, relying on fermentation to allow glycolysis to continue while producing much less ATP.