peds module 2

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

trust vs mistrust (birth - 1 year)

autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3 year)

initiative vs guilt (3-6 years)

industry vs inferiority (6-12 years)

identity vs role confusion (12-18 years)

intimacy vs isolation (18-40 years)

describe erikson’s stage of initiative vs guilt

magical thinking and imaginary friends; belief that thoughts are all powerful; need to assert control over the environment by taking initiative, planning activities, accomplishing tasks; caregivers need to encourage exploration and to help children make appropriate choice; child unclear of cause/effect

sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s cognitive development

birth - 2 years; understands world through sense and actions

preoperational stage of Piaget’s cognitive development

2-7 years; understands world through language and mental images

concrete operational stage of Piaget’s cognitive development

7-12 years; understands world through logical thinking and categories

formal operational stage of Piaget’s cognitive development

12+ years; understands world through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning

pre-conventional stage of moral development

right and wrong is about consequences; what gets me rewarded or punished

conventional stage of moral development

right and wrong is about approval; what keeps me in good standing with others

post-conventional stage of moral development

right and wrong is about principle; what I believe is right, regardless of consequence or approval

what is the single most important influence on physical growth?

nutrition/diet

what is the importance of “temperament”?

temperament is the innate way a child behaves

What are some physical milestones for an infant?

• length 50% increase in 1st year

• weight doubles in 6 months, triples by first birthday

• lower incisors erupt first with 6-8 teeth by first birthday

• anterior fontanels close by 12-18 months

  • posterior fontanel close by 8 weeks

what skill should a 2 month old attain?

smile, coo

what skill should a 4 month old attain?

head control

what skill should a 6 month old attain?

rolls over

what skill should a 7 month old attain?

transfers objects

what skill should a 8 month old attain?

sits

what skill should a 9 month old attain?

crawls

what skill should a 10 month old attain?

stands

what skill should a 12 month old attain?

several words

what skill should a 15 month old attain?

walks

what skill should a 1-2 year old attain?

builds a tower of 4 blocks; runs, walks up stairs; 2-3 word sentences; language and motor skills develop

what skill should a 2-3 year old attain?

draw a circle; jumps, throws overhead

describe solitary play.

children play by themselves; birth to 2 years

parallel play

2-3 years; 2 toddles play next to each other but independently

associative play

3-4 years; no organization; same task but no interaction w/each other; working on the same thing but by themselves

cooperative play

4-6+ years; work together towards a common goal

what is some behavior guidance for a child teething?

cold, ora-jel, acetaminophen

what is some behavior guidance for a child wanting a pacifier?

wean after 6 months; reduce risk of sudden infant death syndrome

what are the five markers of readiness for toilet training?

1. bladder readiness

2. bowel readiness

3. cognitive readiness

4. motor readiness

5. psychologic readiness

6. parent/caregiver readiness

how do we assess ears of a child?

check ear position - low set ears can indicate renal issues; pull back and down to examine; young children are at risk for ear infections because the eustachian tubes are shorter and more horizontal

strabismus

eye misalignment; ocular motor

what are the infant primitive reflexes?

• rooting: 3-4 months

• moro: 3-4 months

• palmar: 3 months

• plantar: 8 months

• babinski: 1 year