Ch 14 Plant and Fungi Diversification

plants

multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic

terrestrial

on land

dessication

dryness

cuticle

waxy outer coating on plant structures

nonvascular

lack vessels for transporting nutrients and water

xylem

water vessels. Typically brings water UP from roots.

pholem

nutrient vessels. Typically brings glucose DOWN from leaves, to roots.

bryophytes

nonvascular plants. Moves water and nutrients using osmosis and diffusion, which limits body size. ex. moss

haploid

has one set of chromosomes

diploid

has two sets of chromosomes

gametophyte (haploid)

produces gametes (sperm/egg) by mitosis. Gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote, starting the sporophyte stage.

sporophyte (diploid)

grows from the diploid zygote, produces haploid spores by meiosis, which grow back into gametophytes.

alternation of generations (haploid vs. diploid generation) [IMPORTANT]

gametophyte (haploid) → gametes → zygote → sporophyte (diploid) → spores → gametophyte (haploid)

nonvascular plants…

protect the boundary of vascular plants

spores

single haploid cells that grow into an adult haploid plant; contains just DNA. The primary mode of dispersal to expand population

seed

contains an embryonic plant and reserve energy

seed plants are…

gymnosperms and angiosperms

pollen grains

male gametophytes; “sperm”

ovules

female gametophytes; “egg”

gymnosperms

pine-related plants. Has cones rather than flowers/buds

male cones

release wind-dispersed pollen grains, which release sperm at the ovules within female cones

female cones

where seeds will develop after fertilization

angiosperms

flowering plants that produce seeds in fruits and use flowers to reproduce; the most dominant plants today

stamen

male angiosperm reproductive structure. Includes anther, filament

carpel

female angiosperm reproductive structure. Includes stigma, style, ovary

anther

produces pollen (male)

filament

supporting stalk (male)

stigma

sticky tip (female)

style

elongated stalk (female)

ovary

contains ovules, which contain eggs (female)

pollination

occurs when the pollen lands on the stigma. Performed by wind, bees, hummingbirds, bats, etc.

fertilization

occurs when the sperm reaches the egg in the ovule within the carpel

bribery

animals receive a food reward and both species benefit

trickery

animals are deceived into carrying pollen by the promise of a reward that is not given

fruits

swollen ovaries that contain seeds

anatomical chemical defenses

to avoid being eaten; ex. spikes, thorns, sticky traps, spice, caffeine

airborne chemicals

defense by attracting predators of the insects eating the plants

carnivorous plants

get nitrogen and other nutrients from animals they trap instead of from soil; ex. venus fly trap

fungi

multicellular, sessile eukaryotes with chitin cell walls and are decomposers and symbionts. Release spores to reproduce.

more closely related to animals than to plants.

sessile

permanently attached, immobile

decomposers

perform the vital function of breaking down and recycling nutrients

symbionts

any type of a close and long-term biological interaction, between two organisms of different species

hyphae

threadlike strings that interconnect to form a mass of tissue, called mycelium

mushrooms

temporary reproductive structures found in some fungi

mycorrhizae

fungi that live on and within roots in a symbiotic relationship, provides the plant with increased access to soil, water, and nutrients in exchange for some of the plant’s sugar