Protostomia and Deuterostomia
What are the 2 superphyla of triploblastic metazoans?
Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa
What are the 2 large clades of protostomes
Ecdysozoa
possess a cuticle that is molted as their bodies grow
trochophore larvae
-Minute, translucent, and roughly top-shaped. \n -Have a prominent circlet of cilia and sometimes one or two accessory circlets.
clade platyzoa
unique group of lophotrochozoan protostomes that \n contain Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, and Gnathifera
phylum platyhelminites
Commonly called flatworms; vary in size from a millimeter to many meters in length like tapeworms
parasitic
some flatworms are free-living; others _______
class turbellaria
• Mostly free-living with some symbiotic and parasitic forms.
• Bottom dwellers in marine areas or freshwater streams, pools, and hot springs.
• Terrestrial flatworms limited to moist places.
monogenea
class of mostly ectoparasites
trematoda and cestoda
classes of mostly endoparasites
no, marine freshwater moist, bilateral, triploblastic, acoelomate, incomplete, asexual
Platyhelminth Characteristics
______ clear defining feature
________ environments
_______ symmetry, body flattened dorsoventrally.
Adult body ________ in layers
Body plan _________.
Gut _______, absent in cestodes.
________ reproduction by segmentation, and other methods in parasitic life cycles.
syncytial tegument
parasitic species have an external body covering called a _______ that has many nuclei enclosed within a cell membrane
proglottid
segment of a tapeworm that contains its own reproductive system
cellular cilliated epidermis
outer coating in tubellarians
dual gland adhesive organs
Most turbellarians have ________ in the epidermis.
Neodermata
clade for 3 parasitic classes of platyhelminths
Syncytial
Endoparasite tegument has a ______ nature that allows more resistance due to lack of penetrable junctions between cells.
Viscid gland cells
fasten microvilli of anchor cells to substrate in tubellarian epidermis
reduce host digestive system, nutrients from host gut cavity
Endoparasite tegument can be absorptive and secretory where secreted enzymes can _______and absorb __________
mouth, digestive tract
Most tapeworms have no ____ and lack complete ________.
anterior
in parasites, mouth opens at ______ end
cestodes
have no digestive system, generally rely on the host’s digestive tract and absorb digested nutrients as small molecules.
vertebrates
The end host must be a ______, but intermediate hosts can be other species
snails, sheep
What are the hosts in sheep liver fluke?
eggs, snails, fish, mammals
What are the hosts of human liver fluke?
snails, produce cercaria that penetrate human skin
What are the hosts of blood flukes (schisosoma)?
Clonorchis
most important human liver fluke that also infects cats, \n dogs, and pigs
snails, crabs, humans
what are the hosts of lung flukes?
scolex
top part of tapeworm, bearing suckers and hooks, allows attachment to the host
germinative zone
where are new proglottids generated?
beef
most common tapeworm, common for human infection and lives in the alimentary canal
3
how many branched in tubellarian intestine?
fission
involves constricting behind the pharynx and separating then each half regenerates the missing parts for rapid population growth
cirrus
Tubellarian papilla-like penis or extensible copulatory organ
5mm to 50cm long
how big are species in class turbellaria?
polyclads
have a gut with many branches
presence or absence and branching of gut, type of pharynx
how are tubellarians distinguished?
tricladida
have a three-branched intestine
ciliary movements, gliding or crawling
how do tubellarians move?
opisthaptor
class trematoda lacks ________ of monogean flukes
endoparasites, vertebrates
class trematoda consists of parasitic flukes and most adults are ______ of _________.
mollusk and vertbrate
first and last hosts of subclass digenea
miracidium
free-swimming ciliated digenean larva
sporocyst, rediae, cercariae
dignean life cycle…
-Miracidium penetrates tissues of a snail and is transformed into a _______ \n -Sporocyst reproduces asexually to form ______ \n -Rediae reproduce ____ to form _____ which emerge from snail to penetrate final host.
metacercariae
cercaria develop into juvenile flukes called _______
oral and ventral
what suckers does the human liver fluke have?
gynecophoric canal
large ventral groove in male blood flukes that is posterior to the ventral sucker and wraps around female in mating season
Schistosome dermatitis
known as swimmers itch
microtriches
small projections similar to microvilli that cover the surface of cestodes, increase the surface area for \n food absorption
pork tapeworm
Adults live in small intestines of humans, most common mode of infection occurs when pigs consume infected human fecal material containing fertilized eggs.
cysticerci
pork tapeworm larvae can migrate to organs and form ______