BIO-2

Vaccination

Injecting inactive or dead pathogens to trigger an immune response and produce memory cells, resulting in immunity without illness.

Antibiotics

Substances that kill or halt the growth of bacteria but do not affect viruses; overuse can lead to antibiotic resistance.

Photosynthesis

The process where carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen in the presence of light and chlorophyll.

Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondria, requiring oxygen and producing carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy).

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration that occurs without oxygen, producing less energy; in animals, glucose is converted into lactic acid, while in yeast, glucose becomes ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Community

All living organisms in a specific area.

Ecosystem

A community along with its non-living environment.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts made of proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells.

Active Site

The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Lock and Key Model

A model describing how a substrate fits perfectly into the active site of an enzyme.

Amylase

An enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose, found in saliva and the pancreas.

Protease

An enzyme that breaks proteins down into amino acids, located in the stomach and pancreas.

Lipase

An enzyme that breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol, produced in the pancreas and small intestine.

Iodine Test for Starch

A test where iodine solution is added to a sample; a blue-black color indicates starch is present.

Biuret Test for Protein

A test where Copper(II) sulfate and sodium hydroxide are added to a sample; a color change from blue to purple indicates protein presence.

Allopatric Speciation

The formation of new species due to geographic isolation.

Sympatric Speciation

The formation of new species without geographic isolation, typically due to behavioral or ecological differences.

Genetic Drift

Random changes in allele frequencies within a small population due to chance events, not influenced by natural selection.

Convergent Evolution

The process by which different species evolve similar traits due to analogous environmental pressures.

Divergent Evolution

The process where species with a common ancestor develop different traits due to varying environments.

Artificial Selection

The intentional breeding of organisms to emphasize desired traits, such as in dogs or crops with high yield.