PA EXAM TYPE SHIIII

What is "Law"

The sum or total of rules and regulations by which society is governed; rules of conduct pronounced by the controlling authority.

What are the three essential characteristics of law

(1) Authority — the right to declare the rule exists; (2) Pronouncement — expressed in writing with an identifiable source; (3) Enforcement — the right to enforce the law.

What is the order of the legislative process for a law to take effect

Public hearing → Legislative hearing → Senate and Congress → Office of the President → President's Final Approval.

Which government branch is responsible for enforcement of law

The executive branch.

Which branch handles violations/cases of law

The judicial branch.

Name the four functions of law in nursing.

(1) Identifies legal nursing actions; (2) Distinguishes nurse responsibilities from other providers; (3) Establishes boundaries of independent nursing actions; (4) Maintains standards of practice by making nurses accountable.

What is a Nursing Practice Act

An act regulating the practice of nursing; protects the nurse's professional capacity, legally controls practice through licensing, defines scope of practice, sets educational requirements, and distinguishes nursing from other practice.

What was Act 2493 (1915)

Regulated the practice of medicine and provided for the examination and registration of nurses in the Philippine Islands — nurses were under physicians.

What was Act 2808 (1919)

Considered the first true nursing law in the Philippines; created a board of examiners for nurses (June 19, 1919).

When was the first nursing board examination given

1920, conducted by the Board of Nursing (1 chairman, 2 members).

What did RA 546 (1950) establish

Placed all boards of examiners under direct supervision of the President; the president appoints board members; vested the board with power to set professional standards and prescribe the collegiate course.

What was RA 877 (June 19, 1953)

The Philippine Nursing Law — organized the Board of Examiners (3 members), covered nursing schools, examination/registration of nurses, and qualifications of the BON.

What did RA 4704 (June 18, 1966) amend

Amended RA 877 — increased board members from 3 to 5, required a Master's degree for board members, set disqualifying age at 65, max compensation ₱18,000/year, lowered minimum age to take boards to 18 (practice allowed only at 21).

What did RA 6136 (August 31, 1970) do

Amended RA 877 Sec 17(7); broadened RN scope to authorize administering parenteral medications (hypodermic/IM injections; IV under physician's direction/presence).

What is RA 7196 (1991)

The Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 — codified/revised nursing laws; redefined scope of practice; added "unethical conduct" as ground for license revocation/suspension; required IV therapy training.

What is RA 9173 (2002)

The Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 — repealed RA 7164 (1991 Act); increased BON composition to 7 (6 members + 1 chair); recognized specialty certification (with DOH); required reactivation program for inactive nurses; upgraded government nurse salary to SG-15.

How many members compose the PR-BON under RA 9173

7 members — 6 members plus 1 chairperson.

What power did the PR-BON exercise in the extramarital affair/wrong-medication case (Case 2)

Quasi-judicial power — conducting hearings/investigations, issuing subpoenas, and punishing contempt (Sec. 9(e), RA 9173).

What are the citizenship qualifications theories relevant to PNLE eligibility

Jus Sanguinis — citizenship by parents' nationality regardless of birthplace; Jus Soli — citizenship by birthplace regardless of parents' nationality.

What is the passing standard for the PNLE

General average of at least 75%, with no rating below 60% in any subject.

In Case 3, why did Anthony have a "conditional failure" despite an 81.8% average

He scored 59 (below 60) in Test 3, so per Sec. 15 RA 9173 he must retake only that subject and score ≥75%.

What is renewed every 3 years — the license or the ID card

The professional identification (PRC) card; the license itself is permanent.

What must a passer do to complete registration after passing the PNLE

Take the oath (Sec. 16) before the BON, PRC officials, or other authorized government officers, then register and receive the PRC card.

What allows a nurse like Nora (Case 4), inactive abroad for decades, to practice temporarily in the PH

A special/temporary permit granted by the BON for humanitarian missions (Sec. 21, RA 9173).

What are grounds for non-issuance/revocation of a license or temporary permit (Sec. 22, RA 9173)

Conviction of crimes involving moral turpitude, dishonorable conduct, malpractice/negligence, use of false documents, or unsoundness of mind.

In Case 5, what ground applies to the NGT-feeding negligence case, and can the license be reissued

Malpractice/negligence (Sec. 23d); the license may be reissued after up to 4 years if the negligence is corrected (Sec. 23 & 24, RA 9173).

What must an inactive nurse (Case 6) undergo to return to practice

A refresher program — 1 month of didactics + 3 months of practicum at an accredited hospital (Art. V, Sec. 26, RA 9173).

What is the minimum educational requirement to become Dean of a College of Nursing

A Master's degree in Nursing (not just any Master's) plus 5 years of teaching/supervision experience in a nursing program (Art. V, Sec. 27).

What are the qualifications for Nurse Unit Manager

Minimum 2 years as staff nurse plus 9 units of graduate-level management courses.

What are the qualifications for Chief Nursing Officer (CNO) in a tertiary hospital

Minimum 5 years managing a nursing unit plus a Master's degree in Nursing.

How do CNO qualifications differ in a primary/district hospital

They equal the qualifications of a tertiary hospital's unit manager — 9 units of graduate managerial courses + 2 years bedside experience (Art. VI, Sec. 29).

What is the mandated minimum salary grade for entry-level government nurses under RA 9173

Salary Grade 15 (SG-15), applicable to DOH-retained hospitals only.

What is "Professional Adjustment in Nursing"

The growth of individuals and development of physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual capacities in preparation for smooth transition into being a professional nurse.

Define "Profession." An occupation/calling requiring advanced training and experience in a specialized body of knowledge that provides service to society.

Differentiate Occupation from Calling. Occupation = earning money through professional practice; Calling = finding joy, passion, and satisfaction in practicing the profession.

List the 7 criteria of a profession (Simms, Price, Ervin 2020). (1) Service to human welfare, (2) Autonomy, (3) Educated in higher education institutions, (4) Long-term commitment, (5) Professional association, (6) Code of ethics, (7) Specialized knowledge and skills.

Which body regulates nursing autonomy in the Philippines

The Professional Regulatory Board of Nursing (PR-BON), under RA 9173.

What percentage of a profession's members must an organization represent to be accredited as the APO

More than 50% of the total profession.

What is the accredited APO for Philippine nursing

The Philippine Nurses Association (PNA).

Give an example of a specialty group that cannot be accredited as APO. Occupational Nurses, Critical Care Nurses, or Psychiatric Nurses associations (too few members).

When was the first Basic Collegiate Baccalaureate Program in Nursing established, and where

February 12, 1946; the first true nursing educational program predecessor was Escuela de Practicantes (UST, Intramuros, 1879–1904).

According to ICN (June 2025), what is nursing

A profession dedicated to upholding everyone's right to the highest attainable standard of health through collaborative, culturally safe, people-centered care and services.

According to ICN, who is a nurse

A professional educated in the scientific knowledge, skills, and philosophy of nursing, regulated to practice based on established standards and ethical codes.

How did Florence Nightingale define nursing

Putting the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him.

How did Virginia Henderson define nursing

Assisting the patient (sick or well) in activities of daily living they would perform unaided if they had the strength, will, or knowledge — or assisting toward a peaceful death if not possible.

How does the American Nurses Association define nursing

A helping profession that provides services contributing to the health and well-being of people.

What are the three Philippine Nursing Core Values

Love of God, Love of Profession, Love of Country.

What curriculum framework governs the BSN program (CMO #15, s. 2017)

The Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) Framework, a four-year program.

Name the four new course offerings added in the 2017 BSN curriculum. Disaster Nursing, Geriatric Nursing, Nursing Informatics, Entrepreneurial Nursing.

How many CHED Program Outcomes (POs) exist for BSN graduates

14 Program Outcomes.

Which Program Outcome emphasizes law, ethics, and morals — the core of Professional Adjustment courses

PO4 — Practice nursing in accordance with existing laws, legal, ethical, and moral principles.

What are the 4 Levels of Performance of Outcomes

Level 1 – Introduce to concept; Level 2 – Introduce to practice; Level 3 – Start demonstrating (with supervision); Level 4 – Pure/independent demonstration.

What was the first National Nursing Core Competency Standards (NNCCS), and who proposed it

BON Resolution #112, Series of 2005, proposed by Dr. Mila Delia M. Llanes.

What replaced/amended the 2005 NNCCS, and when

The 2012 National Nursing Core Competency Standards (BON Res. #24, s. 2012).

How often should the NNCCS ideally be revisited

Every 3–5 years, since nursing continuously evolves.

What are the 3 roles in the "Beginning Nurse's Triad" per NNCCS

Client Care, Management & Leadership, and Research.

List the 5 Responsibilities under Pillar I (Client Care Role). (1) Legal and Ethical Practice, (2) The Nursing Process, (3) Recording and Reporting, (4) Collaborative Relationships, (5) Professional Growth.

What are the 3 levels of Pillar II (Management and Leadership)

Clinical/Self level (Resp. 1–2), Team level (Resp. 5), Systems/Community level (Resp. 3, 4, 6).

What are the 3 steps of Pillar III (Research)

(1) Engage & Conduct, (2) Evaluate & Critique, (3) Apply to Practice.

What are Roach's (1992) 6 (or 7) C's / attributes of a professional nurse

Compassion, Competence, Conscience, Confidence, Comportment, Creativity (and Caring as the overarching foundation).

Define "Compassion" per Roach. To be with another in their suffering — empathy and sensitivity to human pain and joy.

Define "Competence" per Roach. Acquiring and using evidence-based scientific and humanistic knowledge in applying therapeutic interventions.

Define "Conscience" per Roach. Directs moral, ethical, and legal decision-making; motivates one to increase knowledge/skills for ethical issues.

Define "Comportment" per Roach. Professional presentation in behavior, attitude, appearance, dress, and language that communicates a caring presence.

Define "Creativity" per Roach. Having a vision of how nursing care can be better; thinking reflectively, critically, and imaginatively.

What are the 6 characteristics of Nursing as a Profession (Intellectual, Learned, etc.)

Intellectual, Learned, Practical, Skill-Based, Organized, Altruistic.

What is the Philippine Nursing 2040 Vision

Delivering the best nursing care for Filipinos ("the best of Filipinos and the choice of the world" was the 2030 vision).

Differentiate "fields of nursing" from "areas of nursing." Fields = fields/domains of practice; Areas = specific settings/workplaces where nurses practice.

What experience is required for Nursing Education per the Nursing Law vs. CHED

Nursing Law requires 1 year of clinical experience; CHED requires 3+ years of experience plus a Master's degree.

Is Advanced Practice Nursing formally available in the Philippines

Not yet — it needs to be legislated before implementation, unlike in other countries.

List the roles of nurses mentioned in the lecture. Direct Care Provider, Clinical Decision Maker, Client/Family Advocate, Researcher, Educator, Counselor, Administrator/Manager, Forensic Analyst, IT Consultant.

Who has the power to promulgate the Code of Ethics for RNs

The PR-BON, in coordination and consultation with the Accredited Professional Organization (APO).

When was the Code of Ethics for Nurses promulgated, and under what law

July 14, 2004, as an offshoot of RA 9173 (Philippine Nursing Act of 2002).

What served as the principal basis for the Code of Ethics for Nurses

The Code of Good Governance for the Professions in the Philippines (an Executive Order under President GMA — EO 220, s. 2003).

Where and when was the Code of Ethics forged through consultation between BON and PNA

Iloilo City, October 23, 2003.

What are the "5 Pillars of the Nursing Mandate" (Article I, Section 1)

Promotion, Prevention, Alleviation, Restoration, and Peaceful Death.

What is the guiding statement of Article I, Section 1

"Health is a fundamental right. The primary responsibility is to preserve health at all cost."

What 5 factors make up the "Equation for Effective Therapeutic Care"

Cultural, Social, Spiritual, Physiological, Psychological, and Ecological factors (values, socio-economic status, belief systems, mental state, and environmental factors).

What are the 5 "Concentric Spheres of Responsibility" in the Code of Ethics

People (patient), Practice (clinical environment), Co-Workers (healthcare team), The Profession, and Society.

In Sphere 1 (Patient), what governs conflicts between patient culture/values and patient welfare/safety

Patient welfare and safety take strict precedence in the event of conflict (Article II, Section 5d).

In Sphere 2 (Practice/Article III), what is described as "the definitive hallmark of nursing accountability"

Accurate documentation of actions and outcomes.

What must nurses in authority (administrative responsibility) do, per Article III

Devise systems that actively minimize occurrences of ineffective or unlawful practice.

What are the 4 "Boundary Toggle" prohibitions in Advocacy & Professional Boundaries (Sphere 1–2)

(1) Allowing demeaning advertisements, (2) Accepting gifts that capitalize on patients, (3) Demanding/receiving commissions for patient referrals, (4) Abusing privileged access to a patient's property/residence.

What is the one affirmative rule ("✓") regarding patient records in the Code of Ethics

Records must be released only to those directly involved in care or as required by law.

In Sphere 3 (Co-Workers/Article IV), what are the 3 key values

Growth (contribute to colleagues' development), Solidarity (maintain identity while collaborating), Reputation Shield (safeguard other professions' dignity, avoid unwarranted criticism).

In Sphere 4 (Profession/Article VI), what are the 3 key mandates

Institutional Loyalty (compliance with PNA by-laws), Continual Competence (lifelong learning), Socio-economic Advocacy (equitable labor standards through legislation).

In Sphere 5 (Society/Article V), what are the 3 key mandates

Primary Health Care (community resource knowledge), Global Linkages (international partnerships, e.g., UN/UNICEF-funded NGOs), Environmental and Civic Duty (healthy environment promotion).

Give the example used for "Environmental and Civic Duty." Successive typhoons → increased leptospirosis cases → response: health teaching and flood-prevention measures.

What penalty applies for violating the Code of Ethics (Article VII, Section 17)

Revocation or suspension of the Certificate of Registration, per Sec. 23(f) Art. IV of RA 9173 and Sec. 23(f) Rule III of BON Resolution No. 425, s. 2003 (IRR).

What did Section 18 (Article VII) repeal

The amended code of ethics promulgated under RA 877 and PD 227.

When did the Code of Ethics for Nurses take effect, and where was it done

15 days after full publication in the Official Gazette or a newspaper of general circulation; done in Manila, July 14, 2004.

What is RA 10968

Philippine Qualifications Framework (PQF) Act of 2018 — institutionalizes the PQF and PQF-National Coordinating Council.

What is RA 10912

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Act of 2016 — mandates and strengthens CPD for all regulated professions.

What is EO 83, s. 2012

Institutionalization of the Philippine Qualifications Framework.

What is PD 223

Created the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) and prescribed its powers and functions.

What is RA 8981

PRC Modernization Act of 2000.

What is RA 1080

Declares Bar and Board examination passers as Civil Service eligible (exempt from taking the Civil Service exam).

What is EO 220, s. 2003

Directs adoption of the Code of Good Governance for the Professions in the Philippines — basis of the Nursing Code of Ethics.

What is BON Resolution No. 22, s. 2017

The Philippine Professional Nursing Practice Standards (PPNPS) — 4 domains: value-based practice, knowledge-driven practice, outcome-oriented professional relationships, leadership and governance.

What is BON Resolution No. 24, s. 2012

Promulgation of the National Nursing Core Competency Standards (NNCCS).