PLTW--Principles of Biomedical Sciences Semester 2 Final Study Guide

what are the six agents of disease

Bacteria, virus, fungi, helminth, protist, prion

Bacteria

microscopic unicellular prokaryotic organism

viruses

microscopic non-living agents made of either DNA or RNA, and an outer protein shell called a capsid

Prions

non-living submicroscopic proteins

Helminths

Living, multicellular, eukaryotic worms

protists

living, microscopic, single-celled, eukaryotic animal-like organisms

fungi

plant-like multicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be macroscopic or microscopic

what are the two modes of transmission?

direct and indirect

direct transmission

when a host touches an infected individual or touches their bodily fluids

indirect transmission

when a host inhales infected particles, touches an infected object, or is bitten by an infected insect

cocci bacteria

spherical/round bacteria

bacilli bacteria

rod-shaped bacterium

spirilla bacteria

spiral shaped bacteria

what is the cell wall bacteria made up of?

peptidoglycan; a sugar and amino acid rich substance

what is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

gram positive is purple and has a thicker layer of peptidoglycan while gram negative is pink and has a thinner layer of peptidoglycan.

enteral

enter the body through the digestive tract

examples of enteral drug delivery

oral, rectal

parental

enter the body in a manner other than the digestive tract

examples of parental drug delivery

inhaled, topical, injection/infusion

intravenous injection

delivers medicine directly into a vein

intramuscular injection

delivers medicine into muscle tissue where it can be quickly absorbed by the bloodstream

subcutaneous injection

delivers medicine into the tissue layer under the skin and above the muscle

osmosis

the movement of water across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration

what is the typical solvent in our bodies?

water

isotonic

concentration of solutes outside the cell is the same as inside the cell (no movement)

hypotonic

concentration of solutes outside the cell is less than inside the cell (water moves into the cell)

hypertonic

concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than inside of the cell (water moves out of the cell)

what would be considered a life-threatening bleed?

blood will not stop coming out of the wound, blood spurts out of the wound, blood is pooling on the ground, clothing is soaked with blood, bandages continue to soak with blood, victim seems confused or is unconscious, victim has lost all or part of an arm/leg

when do you use a tourniquet to stop a bleed?

life-threatening bleed from a limb

veneous

bleeding from a vein

arterial bleed

bleeding from an artery

why would you pack a wound with gauze or a clean cloth?

to create a strong barrier to prevent blood from flowing from the vessel

triage

the sorting and prioritization of patients based on the urgency of their need for care

what are the 6 steps of the design process

1. Define Problem

2. Generate Concepts

3. Develop a Solution

4. Construct and Test

5. Evaluate Solution

6. Present Solution

What does the "define problem" step mean in the design process

Who says it's a problem? Is the problem worth solving? What are the criteria/ constraints?

What does the "generate concepts" step in the design process mean?

research the problem; brainstorm

What does the "develop solution" step mean in the design process?

create a detailed design/solution; justify solution path

What does the "construct and test" step mean in the design process?

construct testable prototype; test prototype for performance, usability, durability; collect and analyze data

What does the "evaluate solution" step mean in the design process?

evaluate/ reflect on design effectiveness; recommend improvements

What does the "present solution" step mean in the design process?

document and communicate the problem

What are the benefits of using a model when conducting scientific research?

Models are a way to represent an idea/design and help you think about/communicate the design and complete testing in a simulated environment

CAD (computer aided design)

program used to create 3D models (solid models) and can print 3D designs using various materials

regenerative medicine

a scientific field that combines tissue engineering and molecular biology to replace or "regenerate" human cells, tissues, or organs to restore and establish normal function

ghost organ

a donated organ that has had all of its cells removed, leaving only the protein scaffold. Patient cells are added to the scaffold and grown in the culture

bioprinted organ

3D bioprinting prints an organ scaffold. Patient cells are then added to this scaffold and grown in culture

xenoplantation

the transplantation of cells, tissues, and organs from a different species into a human for the purpose of improving health or extending life of the human

stem cells

a type of cell that has the ability to develop into many different types of cells, such as heart cells, brain cells, and others

What is one problem with person to person organ transplantation?

There are over 100,000 people on the waitlist but not enough organs are being donated

GI tract

hollow tube where food and waste products flow

how would a piece of food travel through the GI tract?

mouth -> esophagus -> stomach -> large intestines -> small intestines -> rectum

biomimicry

designing materials, structures, and systems that are modeled after living organisms or processes

what is non spatial information in GIS

features based information (climate, buildings, etc.)

what is spatial information in GIS

location based information

what is an operational layer

shows collected data as a point feature (spatial and nonspatial info)

bioprospecting

searching for medicinal drugs and other valuable bioactive compounds from living things

taxol

from bark of the pacific yew tree

what is taxol used for?

used for anticancer activities

miers

plant from East Asia

what is miers used for

to control weight/ treat obesity

Aggrastat

based on the venom of the saw-scaled viper

what does aggrastat treat

treats acute coronary syndromes

why would a researcher be interested in sponges for anticancer therapeutics?

The byproducts in anticancer sponges' metabolisms have antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer activities, and the way these by products work is not fully understood

qualitive data

description of the qualities of something (color, shape, texture)

quantitative data

description of amount of something (how much/how often)

what are the stages of drug development?

1. discovery

2. developmental

3. manufacturing

what is the discovery step of drug development?

testing 5,000-10,000 compounds to find the right drug (1+ years to complete)

what is the developmental step of drug development?

pre-clinical: animal testing/ computer modeling (4+ years)

clinical: human testing (7+ years)

what is the manufacturing step of drug development?

FDA review, then brought to market (up to 2 years)

What are some health concerns for astronauts during long-term space travel?

radiation exposure; changes in metabolism, nutrient levels, and protein/hormone levels; bone and muscle atrophy

preventative medicine specialist

improve patient health and quality of life by preventing disease

epidemiologist

study trends in health issues in populations

virologists

study viruses

microbiologist

investigates the growth, structure, development, and other characteristics of microorganisms

biomedical engineer

applies principles of engineering to the fields of medicine and biology to solve problems and create solutions that improve human health and wellbeing

IV Therapist

place IV's in patients, administer IV medications and fluids, and document and monitor patient progress

Triage Nurse

experienced nurse who makes decisions around the urgency of patients' need for care, assigning each patient with a triage category