Kaarten: Chapter 5 Governance of Security & Citizen Participation | Quizlet

How does Sherry Arnstein fundamentally define citizen participation?

It is a categorical term for citizen power; specifically, the redistribution of power that enables "have-not" citizens to be deliberately included in political and economic processes.

What is the primary purpose of the "redistribution of power" in participation?

To allow "have-nots" to join in determining how information is shared, goals/policies are set, tax resources are allocated, and programs are operated.

What does Arnstein call participation that lacks a redistribution of power?

An empty and frustrating ritual that maintains the status quo while allowing powerholders to claim all sides were considered.

What famous 1968 visual summarizes the frustration of participation without power?

A French student poster stating: "I participate, you participate... they profit".

How many rungs are on Arnstein's Ladder of Citizen Participation?

Eight rungs.

What are the three broad categories that group these eight rungs?

Nonparticipation (1-2), Tokenism (3-5), and Citizen Power (6-8).

What is the real objective of the "Nonparticipation" rungs?

To enable powerholders to "educate" or "cure" the participants rather than involve them in planning.

Describe Rung 1: Manipulation.

Placing citizens on "rubberstamp" advisory committees solely to engineer their support or for public relations.

Describe Rung 2: Therapy.

Masking group therapy as participation; experts assume powerlessness is a pathology to be "cured" rather than addressing the social injustices causing it.

What is the defining characteristic of "Tokenism" (Rungs 3-5)?

Citizens may hear and be heard, but they lack the power to ensure their views are heeded; there is no "muscle" to change the status quo.

Describe Rung 3: Informing.

A one-way flow of information from officials to citizens with no channel for feedback or negotiation.

Describe Rung 4: Consultation.

Inviting citizen opinions through surveys or public hearings, but with no assurance that these ideas will be used.

How does Arnstein describe the experience of citizens at the Consultation level?

They have "participated in participation," and powerholders have "gone through the motions".

Describe Rung 5: Placation.

Placing a few "worthy" have-nots on boards where they can still be easily outvoted by the traditional power elite.

What defines the "Citizen Power" category (Rungs 6-8)?

Increasing degrees of decision-making clout and the ability to negotiate or hold full managerial power.

Describe Rung 6: Partnership.

Power is redistributed through negotiation; citizens and powerholders agree to share planning and decision-making via joint boards.

Describe Rung 7: Delegated Power.

Citizens achieve dominant decision-making authority over a particular plan or program; they hold the "significant cards".

Describe Rung 8: Citizen Control.

Participants govern a program or institution in full charge of policy and management, with no intermediaries to the funds.

What is a major limitation of the "eight-rung" typology?

It is a simplification; in reality, there might be 150 rungs with less sharp distinctions.

Are "have-nots" and "powerholders" homogeneous groups?

No; both encompass divergent points of view, competing interests, and splintered subgroups.

Name one "roadblock" on the powerholders' side to genuine participation.

Racism, paternalism, or resistance to power redistribution.

Name one "roadblock" on the have-nots' side to genuine participation.

Inadequacies of the community's socioeconomic infrastructure or distrust/alienation.

In the Providence "tot-lots" example, why was it "Informing" rather than "Consultation"?

Officials used technical jargon to intimidate residents into accepting an inequitable distribution of facilities.

In the New Haven Model Cities example, why did citizens demand "Control"?

Because they were disgusted by "window-dressing participation" where they were only asked to vote on components they didn't help design.

What is "Neighborhood Watch" an example of in Arnstein's terms?

It is often a "Partnership" if citizens have genuine influence, but can be "Informing" if it's just one-way police communication.

What is the "Participation Paradox"?

The gap between those who participate and those who are excluded or lack the ability/interest to join.

Why might certain citizens be excluded from participation?

Lack of communication skills, lack of information, or cultural barriers that make participation means "colored" to one group.

What is the "Professionalization Paradox"?

When assigning problem-solving to professionals (like police) makes citizens unlearn how to address problems themselves.

What is the "window-dressing" pitfall?

When professionals claim to capture public needs but fail to deal with problems as they are actually perceived by the public.

How does the Participation Paradox impact democracy?

It raises questions about representation—those who speak for the community may not reflect all interests.

Which group is often "hard-to-reach" and overlooked in police consultations?

Young people who are homeless or school-excluded.

What does "self-reliance" in security mean in the context of paradoxes?

It is the antidote to the Professionalization Paradox; encouraging citizens to take up responsibilities.

When did the Belgian police undergo a fundamental structural reform?

In 2001 (following the Law of 1998).

What was the result of the 2001 Belgian police reform?

An integrated police service structured on two levels: 1 Federal police and 195 Local police forces.

What philosophy was introduced to change the Belgian police's relationship with the public?

Community Oriented Policing (COP).

What are the five principles of COP in Belgium?

Service orientation, problem-solving, accountability, empowerment, and partnership.

What are the three categories of citizen involvement in Belgian policing?

1. Civilianization; 2. Civilians for the police; 3. Policing by civilians.

Define "Civilianization" in the Belgian context.

The recruitment of non-police employees (criminologists, IT, social workers) to perform administrative or logistic tasks.

Does Civilianization count as "citizen participation" according to Arnstein?

No; it is about integrating civilians into the organization, not changing the power balance between citizens and the state.

What was the ratio of civilians to police in Belgium in 2007?

Roughly 1:5.6 (8,537 civilians to 47,526 police).

Define "Civilians for the police."

Involving citizens in the policy cycle of the security domain (e.g., surveys, security plans).

What is the "Security Monitor"?

A large-scale telephone survey of the Belgian population measuring public attitudes toward safety and police functioning.

What percentage of Belgians reported being satisfied with police presence in the street?

57%.

What is the "Security Scan"?

A local tool used by police to map the expectations of local citizens regarding security and quality of life.

What is a "Police Café"?

An informal meeting where citizens (often key neighborhood figures) discuss security concerns to help police understand local problems.

Define "Policing by civilians."

Initiatives taken by citizens themselves (bottom-up) that are not part of the public police force.

What is a "Citizen Information Network" (BIN)?

A project where citizens cooperate with the police to exchange information about local security (e.g., burglary prevention).

Who must take the initiative to set up a BIN in Belgium?

The population (citizens).

What is the most extreme form of "Policing by civilians"?

Private militias.

What does the 1936 Belgian law on private militias state?

It prohibits any private group whose goal is to use force or replace the army or police.

What are the two conflicting policing traditions that influence Belgium?

The Napoleonic (French) tradition and the Anglo-Saxon (British) tradition.

Describe the Napoleonic Tradition.

A national, centralized police system controlled by the state; citizens are viewed instrumentally as "informants".

Who was the "internal enemy" the Napoleonic police were designed to protect the state from?

Citizens or groups threatening the central political power.

Describe the Anglo-Saxon Tradition.

Policing based on community consent; the police are the public and the public are the police.

Who is credited with the nine principles of the Anglo-Saxon model?

Sir Robert Peel (1829).

How does Belgium attempt to reconcile these two traditions?

By integrating Anglo-Saxon elements (like COP) into its Napoleonic heritage through decentralization and local accountability.

Why is the Napoleonic heritage a barrier to "Citizen Power"?

Because it tends toward a "closed system" that views outside involvement as a threat to state control.

What is "Reassurance Policing"?

An Anglo-Saxon model where police and communities identify "signal crimes" to reduce fear and improve public confidence.

What are "Signal Crimes"?

Specific crimes or disorders that have a disproportionate impact on a community's sense of security.

What is "Plural Policing"?

A trend where multiple actors (public police, private security, volunteers, citizens) are all involved in security provision.

How long is the Belgian police policy cycle?

Four years.

What document steers local Belgian police priorities?

The Zonal Security Plan.

At what stage of the policy cycle is citizen participation most common in Belgium?

Preparation and formulation (informing/advising).

At what stage is citizen participation largely underdeveloped?

Evaluation.

What role does the Mayor play in Belgian policing?

They are the locally elected representative who holds power over the local police, acting as a bridge for citizen participation.

Why is "Service Delivery" a key concept for future participation?

Because it focuses on the police meeting the specific needs of the public as "customers" or "partners".

What did the 1968 Philadelphia Area Wide Council (AWC) achieve?

A "Partnership" that included a subcontract for $20,000/month to hire their own planners and veto power over city plans.

Why did Arnstein criticized the "Model Cities" programs initially?

Because HUD channeled money through City Halls, giving them final veto power and relegating citizens to advisory roles.

What is the "Mickey Mouse" game in participation?

High-sounding rhetoric about "grassroots participation" that is actually a sham covering up traditional top-down control.

How can "Informing" be done poorly?

By providing information only at a late stage, using news media as a one-way street, and providing superficial answers at meetings.

Why are attitude surveys sometimes "bones of contention" in ghettos?

Residents feel over-surveyed with no tangible results; "nothing ever happens with those damned questions".

Can the have-nots use participation to change their lot?

Yes, through "Citizen Power" levels where they manage programs like the Southwest Alabama Farmers' Cooperative.

What is "Balkanization" of services?

An argument against community control suggesting it leads to fragmented, inefficient, and costly public services.

What is the "Social Reform" goal of participation?

Enabling the powerless to share in the benefits of an affluent society.

What is the "Paternalism" roadblock?

When powerholders assume they know what's best for "those people" and provide third-rate technical assistance.

What is the function of "CGL" in Belgium?

It is the Directorate of relations with the local police, providing manuals for zonal security plans.

In the "Seefhoek" (Antwerp) case, why did citizens take the law into their own hands?

They felt the police "zero tolerance" policy was not working against drug dealers in practice.

What did the King Baudouin Foundation (2006) do?

Produced a report on insecurity after two years of listening to groups of citizens to generate creative solutions.

Why is "Privacy" a concern in citizen partnerships?

Because sharing information between citizens and police involves legal boundaries and professional secrecy issues.

Is "Community" always geographical?

No; modern communities include virtual networks or people who use city facilities but live elsewhere.

What does Monjardet (1996) say are the three roles of police?

1. Instrument of state power; 2. Service delivery to citizens; 3. Professional group with its own interests.

What happens if a "Partnership" lacks an organized power base?

Citizen leaders may not be truly accountable to the community, making the partnership fragile or co-opted.

How does Arnstein define "have-nots"?

Citizens presently excluded from political and economic processes.

What is "Co-production"?

A high level of participation where citizens and professionals work together to produce a service.

Why is the "Napoleonic" system often described as "self-sufficient"?

It is designed to need nothing from the outside regarding education, technology, or medical care.

Does Belgian law allow citizens to "play police"?

No; it is strictly prohibited, and such actions are condemned by officials.

What did the Providence "tot-lots" case illustrate about "technical jargon"?

It can be used to silence legitimate citizen concerns about equity.

Why are "rubberstamp" committees harmful?

They deceive citizens into thinking they have a voice while they are actually being used for public relations.

What was the goal of the "Model Cities" program in New Haven's Hill neighborhood?

To prepare the entire plan via a neighborhood corporation that received a $110,000 subcontract.

Is "Consultation" always a sham?

No; it can be a legitimate step if it is combined with other modes that allow citizens to influence the outcome.

What was "Negro Removal" in Arnstein's text?

A critical term for urban renewal plans that displaced minorities under the guise of "participation".

What is the "Genie of Citizen Power"?

A metaphor for the 1960s surge in participation that some policy-makers tried to "put back in the bottle".

How did the Philadelphia Area Wide Council ensure they weren't "outvoted"?

By negotiating a structure where they held 5 out of 11 seats on the policy-making committee.

What does the "Hat on head instead of in hand" quote mean?

It refers to the "Partnership" level where citizens come to city hall as equals, not as beggars for favors.

What is "Projectitis"?

A failure of comprehensive planning where agencies just create a "laundry list" of traditional projects instead of addressing root causes.

Why is training residents important for participation?

So they can understand the complex "labyrinth" of federal-state-city systems they are trying to influence.

Can "Citizen Control" be absolute?

No; Arnstein notes that no one, including the President, has absolute control.

What is "Placation" specifically?

The act of gaining good will and overcoming animosity by making minor, often symbolic, concessions.

What does "Categorical term" mean in Arnstein's definition?

It means that participation is not just a single activity, but a broad classification of power relationships.

What is the "Affluent Society" mentioned by Arnstein?

The society whose benefits and resources are currently denied to the "have-not" citizens who participate.