AP Bio exam

Summer and Winter are seasonal extremes caused by:

* the tilt of the earth on its axis
* the incident angle of sunlight
* relative lengths of daylight and nighttime hours

The sun’s rays are more direct in the _____ making the temps at latitude _______ and the length of daylight hours _______

summer, warmer, longer

To describe the motion of one celestial body around another

revolution

mid-winter in the northern hemisphere, the path of the sun places it _______________ our sky at noon

in the southern part

“rotation” in science is usually reserved to describe motion:

* movement about an axis
* the spinning of a celestial body on its axis

(A and D)

One complete revolution

365\.25 days

The reason for extra day every 4 years

* period about sun is slightly greater than 365 days
* the calendar would be off (must compensate for the 6+ hours/years)

Can’t see the new moon because

Earth produces shadow that hides it

Phases of the moon are a result of

the changing portion of illuminated surface of moon visible from earth as the moon revolves around the earth

Daily tides are caused by

gravitational pull of mars on earth

commonalities between bacteria and viruses

sources of diseases and pathogens

Saprobes get energy from

decaying organic matter

Virus is nonliving because

* it doesn’t grow
* cannot reproduce on its own (needs a host)
* doesn’t respond to external stimuli
* doesn’t engage in processes to maintain homeostasis

8/20 peptides called essential because

* our bodies cannot manufacture them
* they must be acquired in diet of humans

IN order to get all _____ in our diet we must eat either

8; eat meat or grains and legumes

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

eukaryotes have nuclei

Isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little to no change is referred to as

Punctuated Equilibrium

When change in an organism’s structure, metabolism, behavior, etc. is genetic and can be passed down to subsequent generations

Adaptation

When genetic change in an individual organism leads to genetic change in a population

evolution

organisms have evolved by gradual accumulation of genetic changes over a long period of time

gradualism

When 2 population of apparently related species aren’t capable of interbreeding and producing viable offspring, we’d call them distinct ___

species

these must get their energy and carbon source ready-made from existing organisms

Heterotrophs

When organisms are able to produce their own organic molecules from inorganic materials, like CO2 and H2O using the sun’s light for energy

Saprobes

Primary method of transmission of HIV in US has been

sexual intercourse

New division above kingdom in Linnaean hierarchy called ___ which are extremophiles no longer classiffied with monerons but as _____

domain; archaea

One of the problems with the second Galapagos Finch articles as a scientific paper is that

* uses emotive language that seeks an emotional response
* fails to recognize adaptation drive by natural selection
* fails to recognize difference in size of beaks is an expression

(all of the above)

A news report reporting on research conducted by the Grants is a

secondary source

Why blood isn’t blue

* blood is red
* iron ion carries O2 throughout bloodstream
* blood is red when it enters evacuated container (deep red color)

Peer-reviewed

the results are analyzed by other scientists before they are published

anecdotal evidence examples

* best-selling book includes a diet he claims cured his bowel disorder
* statement about how he believed he found his personal cure
* Grandma insists on homemade syrup for bowel disorder
* curry recipe suggestion that cured his bowels

(all except B: published research on bowel disorders in scientific journal)

Why we have seasons

* earth tilted at 23.5 degrees on it’s axis
* when northern hemisphere is pointed toward the sun, the sun rays are more direct, there is more radiation, and the daylight hours are longer- which creates a warming trend known as summer
* when the northern hemisphere is pointed away from the sun, the sun rays are less direct, there is less radiation, and the daylight hours are shorter- which creates a cooling trend known as winter

Examples of how vegans get nutrients

* acquire 8 essential peptides from grains and legumes

Fallacy of Blue blood

* veins are blue- only appear blue because of layers of tissue over them
* diagram in Grey’s book- purpose of portraying veins as blue to distinguish between veins and arteries

A possible explanation of a natural phenomenon or a solution to a problem based on observations

hypothesis

A hypothesis requires

* based on observations of a phenomenon
* it is testable and falsifiable

(both A and B are requirements)

A scientific theory is

* sometimes contradicted by experimentation (then it must be changed)
* Is not an opinion, but based upon results of many experimentations repeated

To be useful, scientific theories must be able to

explain known phenomena and predict new events

\------ is allowed to change in an experiment at it’s called:

1 variable; experimental variable

According to Sagan ____ couldn’t have existed in an early earth atmosphere, prior to life

O2

Heike Crab is an example of

artificial selection

sagan suggests that these provide certain evidence to fact of evolution

* artificial selection
* natural selection
* the fossil record
* shared organic chemistry, especially the genetic code of nucleic acids

The ozone layer absorbs primarily

high energy, ultraviolet light

As described in the lecture, the Bullock’s and Baltimore orioles produced hybrid offspring in areas where their populations overlapped, leaving researchers to believe they were ____ __but the hybrids molted twice per year require greater energy, thus making the hybrids__ ___ and therefore:

the same species; nonviable; different species

fish from 2 different lakes have evolved independently similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches in the 2 lakes

convergent evolution

Convergent evolution

independent evolution of similar traits

The covergent evolution of the fish in two different lakes is an example of

allopatric speciation

Allopatric speciation

occurs when geographically separate populations may evolve independently through mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift

Sympatric speciation

occurs when a reproductive barrier isolates a subset of a population within the same geographic location

Hawthorn and Apple question

divergent and sympatric evolution

A collection of species living in the same area at the same time

community

the smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties characteristic of that element

atom

Guppy evolution in Trinidad showed

evolution can be rapid in populations under selective pressure (punctuate equilibrium)

an assembly of populations living together within a defined area and interacting

community

Results of the expansion of the oceanic plates in the Atlantic Ocean

* oceanic crust will collide with the continental crust
* the more dense oceanic plate will dive below the continental crust, creating a subduction zone
* the subducting plate may cause volcanic activity on continental margin
* the colliding oceanic plate may push the continental crust, causing continental drift (all of the above)

When mantle material is heated by the Earth’s core, it becomes __ and __ to the crust, where it strikes, spreads side to side__,__ ___ to become _____ and ------

less dense; rises; cools; more dense; sinks

When mantle material is heated by the Earth’s core it become less dense and rises to the crust, where it strikes spreads side to side, cools to become more dense and sinks: known as:

Convection

digestive, endocrine, nervous, and transport systems are used by the body to maintain a stable internal environment

homeostasis

The process of nutrition involves

ingestion, digestion, and taking nutrients in from the external environment and converting them into forms useful to life (all but synthesis)

organisms build complex substances, break down complex substances, and release energy, by series of chemical reactions

metabolism

Excretion is the process by which

organisms remove waste materials, the products of chemical reactions, from their bodies

Natural selection acts of the ------ whereas evolution has a ----- effect

individual; population

a leaf having a number of leaflets arranged along a common petiole

compound

axial bud at the point of petiole attachment

simple

leaf venation pattern in which veins branch from a single main vein extending from the petiole to leaf tip

pinnate

Origin of Life

the earth was a rocky sterile ball

* volcanic activity formed the atmosphere
* water vapor condensed to become the ocean
* electrical storms synthesized to form organic chemicals

the first living thing lived in the ocean

* to protect it from UV radiation from the sun
* photosynthesis contributed O2 to the atmosphere
* which synthesized to form the ozone layer

ozone layer- protects organisms from UV radiation

* organisms then moved to shallower, coastal waters, and eventually land

Scientific Method

* observations
* data collected
* hypothesis formed
* controlled experiment
* conclusions drawn
* theories formed

Life processes

* nutrition
* nutrients
* indigestion
* digestion
* transport
* respiration
* synthesis
* assimilation
* growth
* excretion
* homeostasis
* reproduction
* metabolism

nutrition

organisms take in materials from their external environment and change them into nutrients

nutrients

substances organisms need to live

indigestion

taking in food from the environment

digestion

the breakdown of complex food materials

transport

the movement of materials into and out of cells through the circulatory system

respiration

releases chemical energy from nutrients

synthesis

organisms combine simple substances to form more complex substances

assimilation

organisms incorporate materials into their bodies, making them part of their structures

growth

increase in the size of the organisms

excretion

remove waste materials as products of chemical reactions

homeostasis

incorporate many regulatory processes to capacitate

reproduction

produce new organisms of their own kind

metabolism

build complex substances, break down complex substances, release energy, by series of chemical reactions

lines of evidence that point to an evolutionary history

fossils, anatomy and development, molecular evidence, sub-optimal design, artificial selection (all of the above)

when dead organisms leave traces of their existence behind in preserved form

fossils

fossils often formed from/by

hard body parts preserved as stone

impressions of tissues or organisms preserved in sediment

bodies preserved and transformed into coal

bodies preserved in peat bogs or tar pits

Greatest challenge to fossil evidence for evolution

* only a fraction of those formed are ever found
* few organisms are ever fossilized
* soft bodied organisms are not easily preserved
* transitional species are often missing

(all of the above)

According to the ------------, sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom, youngest on top. Using relative dating principles and the position of layers within rock, it’s possible to reconstruct the sequence of geologic events that have occurred on site

law of Superposition

wetlands found in temperate regions; characterized by shagnum moss, typically nutrient poor and acidic with few trees

bogs

wetlands found in temperate regions containing low growing emergent plants (cattails, shrubs, trees)

swamp

herbaceous plants characterized by coming up from new seed every year: blooming, setting seed, and dying

annuals

herbaceous plants that likely evolved as a result of the farming practices common in Europe

biennials

farming practice common in Europe at the time settlers from Europe first arrived in North America- believed to have led to the evolution of the biennial

crop-rotation

weeds are defined as plants characterized by

prolific seed producers

trees of the upland forest in the temperate deciduous region have

long taproots

nodules on the roots of legumes contain ---------- that add ------- to soil

bacteria; nitrogen

trees of this community have no need of taproots and instead have shallow, widespreading roots

the swamp forest

predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community

succession

form of succession begins in a virtually lifeless area where soil has not yet formed

primary succession

an existing community is cleared by a disturbance that leaves soil intact (fire or farming)

secondary succession

after croplands are abandoned to nature, the area slowly returns to its original state by a progressive series of changes known as --------; ultimately succession produces a -----------

secondary succession; climax community

community determined by climate conditions and recognized by dominant vegetation

biome

Taiga is characterized by

spruces and firs; precipitation as snow; forest occasionally interrupted by areas of bog; moose is dominant herbivore