Exam 1 Cell Biology FIU Prof Barbieri

True or False.
Living cells all have similar basic chemistry because all living cells have evolved from the same ancestral cell.

True

True or False
Living cells are self-replicating collections of catalysts

True

_____ and _____ provide instructions for the form, function, and behavior of cells and organisms.
a. genes and proteins
b. lipids and carbohydrates

a. genes and proteins

True or False
Cells are capable of self-regulation but cannot control complex states.

False

Cells are capable of self-regulation and CAPABLE of controling complex states.

What are 2 "errors" that can happen in DNA Duplication?

1. Mutations
2. Deletions

True or False
Disease can be caused by rearrangement of chromosomes

True

In the 1800s, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow articulated the "_____ Theory," which studied the discovery of _____.

Cell Theory

discovery of cells.

True or False:
The Cell Theory states:
1. All organisms are composed of exclusively one cell.
2. The cell is the structural and functional unit of life.
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells by division called mitosis.

1. FALSE
All organisms are composed of one OR more cells.

2. True
3. True

True or False
1. A single Nerve cell from the mammalian brain has a single, unbranched extension called an 'axon'.
2. Huge branching tree-like appearance of projections are called dendrites.

1. True

2. True

True or False
Paramecium is a protozoan, a single giant cell. It swims with no control of its own. It only drifts in the current's direction.

FALSE

swims by means of the beating cilia that cover its surface

True or False
Can macrophages physically spread out in order to better patrol animal tissues in search of invading microorganisms.

True

What does the Central Dogma refer to? (hint: flow of genetic information in a cell)

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

The flow of DNA -> RNA is called?

TranSCRIPTION

The flow of RNA -> Protein is called?

TranSLATION

Yes or No:
Does this method endow living cells the ability to reproduce? :

DNA and RNA provide the sequence information that is used to produce proteins and to copy themselves. Proteins, in turn, provide the catalytic activity needed to synthesize DNA, RNA, and themselves. Together, these feedback loops create the self-replicating system

Yes

Yes or No:
Are a colony of bacteria, a butterfly, a rose, and a dolphin all made of cells that fundamentally similar chemistry?

Yes

True or False
Ribosomes are not present inside the mitochondria but are present in the cytoplasm

False

Ribosomes are present inside the mitochondria and the cytoplasm

Which type of microscope led to the discovery of cells and some of its components?
a. electron microscope
b. fluorescent microscope
c. light microscope.

c. light microscope
200 nm-0.2um

Which type of microscope reveals fine structures of cells?
a. electron microscope
b. fluorescent microscope
c. light microscope.

a. electron microscope 1/2 nm - 10/20 angstrom

1. The Tree of Life has Three Major Divisions which are:

2. Which one of these is the domain most familiar to us?

1. Eukaryotes, Bacteria, and Archaea

2. Eukaryotes

Word Bank- Structures:
Cytosol, Cytoskeleton, Chloroplasts, Nucleus

1. Which structure is the information store of the cell?
2. Which structure captures energy from sunlight?
3. Which is a concentrated aqueous gel of large and small molecules and is far from static?
4. Which is responsible for directed cell movement?

1. Nucleus

2. Chloroplasts

3. Cytosol

4. Cytoskeleton

Word Bank- Structures:
Mitochondria, Internal membranes

1. Which structure Creates Intracellular Compartments with Different Functions?
2. Which structure Generates Usable Energy from Food Molecules?

1. Internal membranes

2. Mitochondria

True or False
Cell division and growth (proliferation) leads to each daughter cell having a partial set of genetic instructions.

False
**complete set of genetic instructions

True or False
1. Photosynthesis provides fuel for most living organisms. Light energy (sun) converts into chemical energy (sugars). Light absorbing compounds include chlorophyll, NADP+, Retinal, and β-carotene.
2. Animal cells derive energy from the products of organic compounds, mainly in the form of glucose. The Pancreas releases glucose to other cells.

1. True

2. False.
** The LIVER releases glucose to other cells.

The cytoskeleton is ___1___ of protein filaments that can be seen _____2_____ the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
1. Fill in the blank:
a. parallel bundles
b. networks
2. Fill in blank:
a. crisscrossing
b. passing through

1. b. networks

2. a. crisscrossing

Where is most of the DNA located in an eukaryotic cell?

The nucleus

Fix the web:
Ancestral prokaryote ->
Bacteria and Archaea ->

1. Bacteria leads to non- photosynthetic bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts.
The mitochondria leads to:
a. plants, animals, and fungi
b. plants and archaea
The chloroplasts lead to plants.
Archaea leads to archaea and single-celled eukaryotes.
2. Single-celled eukaryotes leads to:
a. archaea, plants, and animals
b. plants, animals, and fungi

1. a. plants, animals, and fungi

2. b. plants, animals, and fungi

Mitochondria are essentially the same in plants, animals, and fungi, and therefore were presumably acquired before these lines in our web diverged:
a. 1.5 million years ago
b. 4 million years ago
c. 1.5 billion years ago
d. 4 billion years ago

c. 1.5 billion years ago

Internal membranes create ________ compartments.

Intracellular

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells have many similarities excluding:
a. plasma membrane of similar construction
b. genetic info encoded in DNA using identical genetic code
c. shared metabolic pathways
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

e. none of the above

a-c is shared

What is a feature of a eukaryotic cell not found in prokaryotic?
a. cell division by using a microtube-containing mitotic spindle
b. presence of three different RNA synthesizing enzymes
c. Proteasomes

c. Proteasomes

Found in both

Which is more complex?
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

What does a eukaryotic have that a prokaryotic does not in terms of packaging?
a. membrane-bound nucleus while prokaryotic has a nucleoid region
b. a nucleoid region while prokaryotic have membrane-bound nucleus

Eukaryotic

a. membrane-bound nucleus while prokaryotic has a nucleoid region

Eukaryotic can be unicellular or multicellular. Differentiation occurs during?

embryonic development

Studying Model Systems:
Biologists use Escherichia coli for bacteria, Brewer's Yeast for simple eukaryotic, and Arabidopsis as the model plant.
Model animals include:
a. worms, flies, fish, and mice
b. worms, flies, chimpanzees, and mice

a. worms, flies, fish, and mice

Which one is false?
a. Cells are made of relatively few types of atoms.
b. The Outermost Electrons determine How
atoms Interact. Covalent Bonds Form by the Sharing of
electrons.
c. Water molecule forms a "V" shape with an angle of 109 degrees.
d. Hydrocarbons are compounds with only hydrogens and carbons
e. The slight negative charge associated with the hydrogen atom is electrically attracted to the slight negative charge of the nearby oxygen atom
f. In cells, hydrogen bonds commonly form between molecules that contain an oxygen or nitrogen.

e. The slight negative charge associated with the hydrogen atom is electrically attracted to the slight negative charge of the nearby oxygen atom

Real answer: The slight POSITIVE charge associated with the hydrogen atom is electrically attracted to the slight negative charge of the nearby oxygen atom

True or False
Solvent = liquid that does the dissolving
Solute = the dissolved substance
Solution = mixture of dissolved substance in liquid
Solvent + Solute = Solution

True

Substances that contain a preponderance of nonpolar bonds usually insoluble in water are termed:
a. hydrophobic
b. hydration

a. hydrophobic

Which is false?
a. A large molecule, such as a protein, can bind to another protein through noncovalent bonds on the surface of each molecule.
b. If two atoms are too close together, they repel each other very strongly. The characteristic size for each atom is "van der Waals radius."
c. The amount of energy required to break one mole of a particular bond is referred to as 'physical energy.'
d. Electrostatic attractions occur both between fully charged groups (ionic bond) and between partially charged groups on polar molecules.
e. Water forces hydrophobic groups together in order to minimizes their disruptive effect on the water network formed by the hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

c. The amount of energy required to break one mole of a particular bond is referred to as 'BOND ENERGY'

Pick:
_______ are the subunits of proteins
_______ are the subunits of DNA and RNA.

a. Amino Acids, Nucleotides
b. Nucleotides, Amino Acids

a. Amino Acids, Nucleotides

Which one is correct?
a. Sugars --> polysaccharides and oligosaccharides
b. Fatty Acids --> Fats and membrane lipids
c. Amino Acids --> Proteins
d. Nucleotides --> Nucleic Acids
d. All of Them
e. None of Them

d. All of them are!!

The hydroxyl group on the carbon that carries the aldehyde or ketone can rapidly change from one position to the other. These two positions are called
______ and ______ (hint: Greek)

alpha and beta

Many monosaccharides differ only in the spatial arrangement of atoms which makes them ___________

Isomers

True or False
Condensation reactions are when two molecules join together as a result of the loss of a water molecule.

The reverse reaction is termed ___________

True


Hydrolysis

Are fatty acids
a. hydrophobic
b. hydrophilic
c. both
d. neither

c. both

When phospholipids aggregate, they form ____________ _____________.

cell membranes.

What is the most common phospholipid in cell membranes?
a. Phosphatidylcholine
b. Phosphatidylserine
c. Phosphatidylinositol

a. Phosphatidylcholine

What are lipids defined as?
a. water-soluble molecules that are insoluble in organic solvents
b. water-insoluble molecules that are insoluble in organic solvents
c. water-soluble molecules that are insoluble in inorganic solvents
d. water-insoluble molecules that are soluble in organic solvents
e. water-insoluble molecules that are soluble in inorganic solvents

d. water-insoluble molecules that are soluble in organic solvents

What are two types of common lipids made from isoprene units?
a. fatty acids and steroids
b. steroids and polyisoprenoids
c. polyisoprenoids and fatty acids

b. steroids and polyisoprenoids

True or False
Subunits -1-> Macromolecules -2-> Macromolecular assembly

a. 1=covalent bonds, 2= noncovalent bonds
b. 1=noncovalent bonds, 2=covalent bonds

a. 1=covalent bonds, 2= noncovalent bonds

True or False
Internal energy (E) involves releasing heat from cells.
Energy (Thermodynamics) can be kinetic or potential.

True

Cells obtain energy by the oxidation of organic molecules and so oxidation and reduction both involve ___________ transfers.
a. electron
b. proton

a. electron

The first law of thermodynamics is the law of _________ of energy.

conservation

The second law of thermodynamics is that events in the universe tend to proceed from a state of higher energy to a state of _______ energy.

lower

True of False
When we combine the first and second law of thermodynamics, we get ΔG which refers to "Free Energy". (hint: G means gibbs)

True

True or False
All chemical reactions are theoretically irreversible.

False

**reversible

Is Cellular metabolism an equilibrium metabolism or a non-equilibrium metabolism?

Non-equilibrium metabolism

Are cells open or closed thermodynamic systems?

Open

Does Cellular metabolism exists in a steady or messy state?
(hint: Concentrations of reactants and products remain constant but not at equilibrium.• New substrates enter, and products are removed.• Maintaining a steady state requires constant energy input, whereas maintaining equilibrium does not.)

Steady

ΔG°′= At equilibrium, free energy to do work -minimum entropy - maximum.

ΔG′ = Steady-state - concentrations of reactants and products remain relatively constant, even though individual reactions are not necessarily at equilibrium.

Do reactions generally reach equilibrium in the cell?

NO.
** generally do not reach equilibrium

What is the most widely used activated carrier?
a. NADH
b. NADPH
c. ATP

c. ATP

Which two are both activated carriers of electrons?
a. NADH and ATP
b. ATP and NADPH
c. ATP and Carbohydrates
d. ATP and Lipids
e. NADH and NADPH

e. NADH and NADPH

Which two are both activated carriers of electrons and hydrogen atoms?
a. NADH and ATP
b. ATP and NADPH
c. NADH and NADPH

c. NADH and NADPH

The cell's macromolecules constitute most of its ______ mass, which is not due to water.
a. wet
b. dry
These molecules, crucial to the cell's structure and function, are made from subunits(or monomers) intricately linked by bonds formed during an enzyme-catalyzed condensation reaction. The reverse reaction—the ________ of polymers—occurs through enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions.
a. generation
b. breakdown
These hydrolysis reactions are energetically favorable, whereas the corresponding biosynthetic reactions require energy _______.
a. input
b. output

b. dry


b. breakdown


a. input

The shape of a protein is specified by its?

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE

Proteins fold into a conformation of ___________ Energy (stable).
Highest or Lowest?

Lowest

Another word unstructured is?

Linking

Amino Acid main products are glucogenic and ketogenic. What links amino acids together?

Peptide bonds

How many types of noncovalent bonds help proteins fold?

3

Hydrophobic forces help proteins fold into ______ conformations.
a. simple
b. compact

b. compact

Can denatured proteins recover their natural shape?

Yes

Some polypeptide chains fold into an orderly repeating form known as an

α helix

β sheets come in two varieties:
a. antiparallel and parallel
b. simple and stratified
c. simple and complex

a. antiparallel and parallel

What are Prion diseases caused by?

Proteins whose misfolding is infectious

Antibodies
a. Greatly Accelerate the Speed of Chemical Reactions
b. Bind to Their Target Ligands with Extraordinary Specificity

b. Bind to Their Target Ligands with Extraordinary Specificity

Lysozyme:
a. Chemically Transform the Ligands to Which They Bind
b. Illustrates How an Enzyme Works

b. Illustrates How an Enzyme Works

True or False
Many different GTP-binding proteins function as molecular switches.

True

True or False
The modification of a protein at multiple sites cannot control the protein's behavior.

False

**can control the protein's behavior

ATP Hydrolysis:
a. Often Form Large Complexes That Function as particles or Machines.
b. Break down complex substrates into simple end products.
c. Allows Motor Proteins to Produce Directed Movements in Cells

c. Allows Motor Proteins to Produce Directed Movements in Cells

A high Km implies ______ binding
weak
strong

A lower Km implies _________ binding

high = weak

lower = strong

What is an active site?
a. region where enzyme binds to protein
b. region where protein binds to enzyme

a. region where enzyme binds to protein

A metabolic pathway is a series of connected chemical reactions that feed one another. Metabolic pathway processes occur in the body to:
a. convert solutes to solvents
b. convert molecules into energy

b. convert molecules into energy

In cells that have a phospholipid bilayer, we find:
a. large polar molecules
b. peroxisome
c. lignin
d. internal membrane

d. internal membrane

The internal membranes includes the ____1______ membrane of mitochondria and ____2_____ membrane of bacteria.
a. 1- inner, 2- outer
b. 1-outer, 2-outer
c. 1-outer, 2-inner
d. 1-inner, 2-inner

d. 1-inner, 2-inner

Eukaryotic cells are characterized having
a. lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, having a single circular DNA molecule located in a region called the nucleoid, and typically possessing a cell wall
b. membrane-bound nucleus, multiple membrane-bound organelles, well-organized cytoskeleton, and linear DNA within the nucleus.

b. membrane-bound nucleus, multiple membrane-bound organelles, well-organized cytoskeleton, and linear DNA within the nucleus.

Amino acids an be classified as essential, nonessential, or conditionally essential based on whether the body can produce them. When amino acids are classified by the structure of the R-group, they are:
a. weak, neutral, strong
b. basic, neutral, acidic

b. basic, neutral, acidic

True or False
The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is a double lipid bilayer membrane that surrounds the nucleus of prokaryotic cells.

FALSE

***EUKARYOTIC

What is protein phosphorylation?

a process that adds phosphate groups to proteins, which regulates their function and activity

True or False
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all cells of the body and is essential for good health. It's produced by the liver.

TRUE

True or False
A nucleoside consists simply of a nucleobase (also termed a nitrogenous base) and a five-carbon sugar (ribose or 2'-deoxyribose) whereas a nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.

True

Yes or No
A nucleotide is a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group.

Yes

What is a catalyst?

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

Vmax stands for?
(hint: the max rate at which an enzyme can catalyze a reaction)

Maximal velocity

True or False
Cofactors are small organic or inorganic molecules that are essential for the activity of enzymes and other proteins.

True

"S" stands for?
a. synthesis phase
b. synapsis phase
c. sugar conversion

What happens during this stage in the cell cycle?
a. RNA is transcribed to DNA
b. DNA replication occurs
c. The cells start dividing

b. DNA replication occurs

What is a monomer?
a. a polymer with different molecules
b. a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

b. a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

True or False
Catabolic refers to the process of breaking down complex molecules into smaller units to release energy or use in other reactions.

True

True or False
Not all proteins are enzymes but all enzymes are proteins

True

Which protein helps proteins fold correctly and prevent misfolding?
a. Km
b. Phosphate
c. nucleosides
d. molecular chaperones
e. amino acids

d. molecular chaperones

What is the Michaelis-Menten curve?

A graph that shows the relationship between the concentration of a substrate and the rate of the enzyme-controlled reaction

What is defined as the concentration of substrate which permits the enzyme to achieve half Vmax?
a. Keq
b. G
c. Km
d. Gibbs free energy

c. Km