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Virginia Company
Def: A joint-stock company that established the first permanent English colony in America, Jamestown, in 1607.
Sig: It played a critical role in English colonization and set the foundation for future English settlements in North America.
John Smith
Def: An English soldier and leader who helped establish and govern Jamestown.
Sig: His leadership and strict discipline were vital for the survival of the early settlers in Jamestown.
Cecil Calvert
Def: The second Lord Baltimore and proprietor of Maryland.
Sig: He promoted religious freedom for Catholics in Maryland and became the first proprietor in the Americas.
Lord Baltimore
Def: Title held by George Calvert(a catholic noble)
Sig:He was the founder of Maryland and helped establish religious tolerance in the colony.
Roger Williams
Def: A Puritan minister who founded Providence & Rhode Island.
Sig:He advocated for separation of church and state and religious freedom, which were key principles in Rhode Island.
Anne Hutchinson
Def: A Puritan spiritual advisor who challenged the religious authority in Massachusetts Bay Colony
Sig:Her exile to Rhode Island demonstrated the limits of religious tolerance(as she believe for salvation from her own faith) in Puritan New England.
Rhode Island
Def: A colony founded by Roger Williams and was an island that combined Providence and Portsmouth.
Sig:It became a safe haven for dissenters and those seeking separation from church authority(people with different beliefs)
Halfway Covenant
Def: A Puritan policy that allowed partial church membership to individuals not yet converted.
Sig:It reflected the decline in religious piety and was an attempt to maintain church influence in colonial society.
Quakers
Def: A religious group that were considered radical by Britian and other colonies due to their beliefs that religion was in every person.
Sig:They were influential in Pennsylvania, where they practiced religious tolerance and fair treatment of Native Americans.
William Penn
Def: He was the leader of land west of New Jersey known as Pennsylvania(Political and Military) and son of the original William Penn.
Sig:He established a colony based on principles of equality, religious tolerance, and peaceful relations with Native Americans(many of the Quaker’s ideals).
Tobacco
Def:The primary cash crop of Virginia and Maryland colonies.
Sig:It drove the economy of the Chesapeake colonies and led to the demand for labor, including indentured servants and African slaves.
Jamestown
Def: The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607.
Sig: It marked the beginning of British colonization in the Americas.
Pilgrims
Def: English Separatists who settled in Plymouth in 1620 seeking religious freedom.
Sig:They established a new haven for religious toleration and would establish the colony of Plymouth. Their Mayflower Compact became a foundational document for self-governance in the colonies.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Def: A colony founded by Puritans in 1630 due to the want of religious freedom.
Sig:It became a major Puritan settlement and shaped the religious, political, and social life of New England.
Puritans
Def: A religious group of moderate dissenters that wanted to escape religious persecution.
Sig:They played a central role in the colonization of New England(aka founded many settlements throughout this region) and established a theocratic society based on strict religious principles.
John Winthrop
Def: The first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony and would lead 1000 puritans to Massachusetts.
Sig:He would reflect Puritan ideals of creating a model Christian society, and he would make Boston a place of refuge.
Mayflower Compact
Def: A document signed by Pilgrims in 1620 establishing self-government.
Sig: It is considered a foundational document for self governance in the colonies, and it serves as a first-official constitution.
House of Burgesses
Def: The first elected legislative representative assembly in the colonies, established in Virginia in 1619.
Sig:It set the precedent for representative government in the American colonies, and they were advocates for elite planters(who wanted equal rights)
Proprietary colonies
Def: Colonies granted by the English Crown to individuals or groups with full governing rights
Sig:They reflected the Crown's practice of using land grants to reward loyal subjects and expand colonial rule, and they were some of the most original with this right.
Triangular trade
Def: A trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods.
Sig:It fueled the transatlantic slave trade and economic growth in the colonies.
Mercantilism
Def: An economic theory that colonies exist to benefit the mother country by providing raw materials, and that the economy is flourishing depending on the amount of exports.
Sig: It guided British colonial policy and led to restrictive trade practices like the Navigation Acts.
Navigation Acts
Def: British laws that regulated colonial trade to benefit England, more mercantilist policies.
Sig:These laws reinforced mercantilism and contributed to colonial resentment of British economic control, and they would fund England with many things such as military, tobacco, and shipbuilding.
Bacon’s Rebellion
Def:A 1676 uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley.
Sig:It exposed tensions between frontier settlers and the colonial government, which then led to a series of attacks against Indians and burning of the original Jamestown settlement.
King Philip's War
Def: A conflict between New England colonists and the Wompanaog tribe(chief Metacom).
Sig:It was one of the deadliest conflicts in colonial America and led to the near-destruction of Native American power in New England,as it was an English Victory where they would kill Metacom and end Indian Resistance.
Indentured servants
Def: Laborers who agreed to work for a set period in exchange for passage to America.
Sig:They were crucial to the early colonial labor system but were eventually replaced by African slavery.
Middle Passage
Def: The brutal sea voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the Americas.
Sig:It was a central element of the transatlantic slave trade and the growth of slavery in the colonies.
Headright system
Def: A land grant system that gave settlers land for each person(immigrant/slave) they brought to the colonies.
Sig:It encouraged the influx of settlers and indentured servants, expanding colonial land ownership, and was a solution for labor shortage.
Poor Richard’s Almanack
Def: A best-selling book written by Benjamin Franklin offering advice, aphorisms, and predictions.
Sig:It reflected colonial values of hard work, thrift, and practicality and contributed to Franklin's popularity, and it was affordable information, making commoners aware of this knowledge.
Great Awakening
Def: A religious revival movement in the colonies during the 1730s-1740s about Protestant Information.
Sig: It challenged established religious authorities(ex. congressionalists) and it separated the church from the state.
Jonathan Edwards
Def: A prominent Congressional Minister during the Great Awakening from Massachusetts.
Sig:His sermons, such as "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," emphasized personal piety and the need for salvation(as he painted god as being angry when sin occured)
George Whitefield
Def: An evangelical preacher who spread the Great Awakening across the colonies.
Sig: His dynamic preaching style attracted large audiences(10,000 people) and helped unify the colonies through shared religious experiences.
John Peter Zenger
Def: A New York printer tried for libel in 1735.
Sig:His acquittal established an early precedent for freedom of the press in America as he would criticize New York’s Governor.
Enlightenment
Def: An European intellectual movement that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights.
Sig: It influenced colonial leaders and laid the philosophical foundation for the American Revolution.
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