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energy can’t be created or destroyed, only transformed.
First law of thermodynamics
Perform mechanical work, synthesise new materials, transport molecules, and maintain order
How do cells use energy
Through cellular respiration
How do cells obtain energy
ATP
What does the breaking down of glucose generate
Generate ATP via cellular respiration
What’s the main function of the mitochondria
Outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, matrix
What are the four key structural components of mitochondria
Controls movement of substances in and out
Function: outer membrane
Contains the electron transport chain and ATP synthase
Inner membrane: function
Folded inner membrane to increase surface area
Function: cristae
Contains enzymes for the citric acid cycle
Function: matrix
Allows compartmentalisation, enables electron transport chain to create a proton gradient
Importance of double membrane
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
Cellular respiration equation
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
What are the three stages of cellular respiration
Cytosol
Glycolysis: location
Mitochondrial matrix
Citric acid cycle: location
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation: location
1 glucose, 2 ATP, NAD+
Input: glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Output: glycolysis
No
Is oxygen required for glycolysis
Acetyl CoA
What is pyruvate converted to before the citric acid cycle
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, CO2
Products of citric acid cycle
CO2
Waste product: citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain, chemiosmosis
two main steps of oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons, which move through protein complexes, pumping protons into the intermembrane space to create a proton gradient
What happens in the electron transport chain
Oxygen
What’s the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
Water
What does oxygen form in the electron transport chain
Protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase, driving ATP production
what happens during chemiosmosis
ATP
Main energy carrier in cells
Breaking down and forming phosphate bonds
How does ATP store/release energy
ATP → ADP + Pi
Release of energy using ATP
ADP + Pi → ATP
Storing of energy
Active transport, muscle contraction, protein synthesis, cell division
Uses of ATP
Chloroplasts
Where does photosynthesis occur
Glucose and oxygen
Why’s produced in photosynthesis to produce ATP in cellular respiration
Light dependent reactions, and the Calvin cycle
What are the two stages of photosynthesis
Thylakoid membrane
location: light dependent reactions
Convert sunlight into ATP and NADPH
Light dependent reactions
Use ATP and NADPH to dis CO2 into glucose
Calvin cycle
Outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid membrane
What are the three membranes in a chloroplast
Stroma
Location: Calvin cycle
Capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy
Function: photosystems
Photosystem II
What photosystem functions first
Photosystem I
What Photosystem functions second
Light energy excites electrons, which travel through the electron transport chain, splitting water into O₂, H+, and electrons.
What happens in Photosystem II
Build the proton gradient by moving protons into the thylakoid space
Function: cytochrome complex
ATP, NADPH, and O2
Light reactions: products
O2
Byproduct: light reactions
Fixation
Calvin cycle: first step
Reduction
Calvin cycle: second step
Regeneration
Calvin cycle: third step
2 G3P molecules
What’s used to form glucose in photosynthesis
Light, water, ADP, NADPH+
Input: light reactions
ATP, NADPH, O2
Outputs: light reactions
ATP, NADPH, CO2
Inputs: Calvin cycle
Glucose, ADP, NADP+
Outputs: Calvin cycle
Provide energy / reduce power for Calvin cycle
Role: ATP / NADPH in photosynthesis
DNA, ribosomes, double membranes, and ability to make some of their own proteins
Common factors: animal and plant cells
Aerobic bacterium
Origin: mitochondria
Cuanbacterium
Origin: chloroplasts
