Psych 230 nvcc exam 2, Psy 230 Exam 2 Study Guide Chapters 5-9, NVCC PSY 230 Exam2

Frontal lobe changes-

responsible for thinking our actions. It's positioned in at the top of the brain.

Gross motor skills

refer to large muscles movements, such as running, climbing, hopping.

Fine motor skills

involve small, coordinated movements, such as drawing faces, and writing one's name.

What is the progression of motor skills?-

play does more than exercise our bodies. It can help prime neural development and is crucial in promoting social cognition, helping children learn how to get along w/their peers.

How do we define and address childhood obesity?-

we use BMI- body mass index- the ratio of a person's weight to height. If the BMI is at or over 85% for the norms in the first poll, a child is overweight, if at 95% or above the child is obese.

Preoperational thinking-

is defined by what children are missing- the ability to step back from their immediate perceptions.

Concrete operational thinking- defined by what children posses:

the ability to reason about the world in a more logical, adult- like way.

Egocentrism-

the inability to understand that other people have different point of view

Conservation-

refers to knowing that the amount of a given substance remains identical despite changes in its shape or form.

Conservation tasks-

involve changing the shape of a substance to see whether children can go beyond the way that substance visually appears to understand that the amount is still the same.

Reversibility-

idea that an operation (procedure) can be repeated in the opposite direction. The concrete operational child's knowledge that a specific change in the way a given substance looks can be reversed.

Animism-

the preoperational child's belief that inanimate objects are alive, especially preschoolers think that dolls have consciousness too.

Vygotsky: Social Learning-

believed that what we do helps children mentally advance

Zone of proximal development-

is the difference between what the child can do by himself and his level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance/ in collaboration w/ more capable peers.

Scaffolding - what is this and what are some ways to do it effectively?-

teachers must tailor their instruction to child's proximal zone. then , as that child becomes more competent, they should slowly back off and allow the student moe responsibility for directing that learning activity on his own.

Inner speech-

A form of internalized, self-directed dialogue: talking to oneself in silence. The phrase inner speech was used by Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky to describe a stage in language acquisition and the process of thought

Information-processing theory-

break cognitive process into components and divide thinking into steps.

Working memory-

the limited- capacity gateway system, containing all the material that we can keep in awareness at a single time. The material in this system is either processed for more permanent storage or lost.

Executive functions-

any frontal lobe ability that allows us to inhibit our responses and to plan and direct our thinking.

Rehearsal-

learning strategy in which people repeat information to embed it in memory.

Selective attention-

learning strategy in which people manage their awareness so as to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information.

What is ADHD and how do we work with children with this diagnosis?-

disproportionately affecting boys, characterized by inattention and hyperactivity at home and at school. The well known treatment for ADHD is psycho-stimulant medications. Important not to pressure kids to finish their tasks. Help kids to enhance their working memory, attention and inhibition. Also, diet enhancement, avoid too much sugary foods. Children with ADHD learn better in noisy environment, and it's better to give small reinforcements rather than big ones. Schools should build more physical activities. Presenting learning tasks in a gaming format.

Morphemes-

the word sounds of language. Forex, the infant's call the bottle ba. They repeat the sounds that's similar such as calling their bottle baba.

phonemes syntax-

Phenomene- the sound units that convey meaning in a given language- for ex., in Eng, the c sound of cat and the b sound of bat.

Syntax-

The system of grammatical rules in a particular language.

Semantics-

the meaning system of a language- that is, what the words stand for. Understanding the word meaning.

regularization and overregularization -

an error in early language development, in which young children apply the rules for plurals and past tenses even to exceptions, so irregular forms sound like regular forms (runned, goed, teached, sawed, mouses, feets, sugars)

Theory of mind-

children's' first cognitive understanding, which appears at about age 4, that other ppl have different beliefs and perspectives from their own.

Emotion regulation-

the capacity to manage one's emotional state.

Externalizing tendencies- a personality style

that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively.

Internalizing tendencies- a personality style

that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression.

What is self-esteem and what role does it play in childhood? What are cultural differences in self-esteem?

Self- esteem-

evaluating oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people. Praise children for effort rather than make comments about the basic ability. Children who had more praises when they were young tend to develop a good academic results and believed that people can change for good.

What is learned helplessness?- a state that develops

when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and so gives up w/out trying.

Prosocial behavior-

sharing, helping, caring actions.

Altruism-

acting out of concern for the well-being of others, without regard to your own self-interest

Empathy-

feeling the exact emotion that another person is experiencing

Sympathy- a

state necessary for acting prosocially, involving feeling upset for a person who needs help.

Aggression -

what forms can it take (types) Aggression- any hostile or destructive act.

Proactive aggression- a

hostile or destructive act initiated to achieve a goal.

Reactive- aggression- a

hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt.

Relational- aggression-

a hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person's relationships.

Erikson's:

industry vs inferiority- his term for psychological task of middle childhood involving managing our emotions and realizing that real-world success involves hard work.

What are the purposes of pretend play for a child?-

play allows children to practice adult roles. Allows them a sense of control. Furthers the understanding of the social norms.

How do girls and boys play differently?

Play in which boys and girls associate only w/members of their own sex- typical of childhood.

What is gender schema theory?- once

children understand their category (girl/boy), they selectively attend to the activities of their own sex.

What roles do friends play in childhood?

The essence of friendship is similarity. Kids develop the concept of loyalty. Friends help insulate children from being bullied at school. Friends help us manage our emotions and handle conflicts. What are the consequences of being left out? - Rejected children have externalizing and internalizing problems. They don't fit in w/the dominant group.

Bullied?

How do we help bullied children?- They have to make friends by the age of 1 or in kindergarten. Those kids would not be socially anxious.

Baumrind's four parenting styles:

Authoritative parents -

they set clear standards for their children but also provide some freedom and lots of love. Parenting ranking is high on nurture and discipline. Providing both love and clear family rules.

Authoritarian parents-

more inflexible, parents provide plenty of rules but rank low on child-centeredness, being stressing unquestioning obedience, cold.

Permissive parents-

parents provide few rules, but rank high on child- centeredness, being extremely loving but providing little discipline.

Rejecting-

neglecting parents- are the worst, low on structure and on love. Children are neglected, ignored, and emotionally abandoned. They are left to raise themselves.

Cultural variations of parenting styles-

families from korea, china, latinos and etc. have more authoritarian agendas. "Be obedient", "Don't talk back", "i make rules". Chua's rule for parenting has high achieved children, especially in asian countries.

What do developmentalists advise re. Spanking?- Advice to show more love

and be affectionate. , Spanking is a corporal punishment- any discipline technique using physical measures such as spanking. Spanking does produce compliance, but mild spanking is fine.

What are the risk factors for child abuse?-

Parents that abuse their child has psychological disorders such as depression and externalizing problems (parents personality problems are important). Life stress accompanied by social isolation can be crucial (abusive parents are often young and not well educated). Children's vulnerabilities play role (a baby who cries a lot, has a medical problem. The very children that require extra care and love, tend to promote the wrath of the caregiver)

What impact does divorce have on children?-

Children w/divorced parents are in disadvantage. They have low academic, social, and sometimes mental health performances.

What is resilience?-

is defined as an individual's ability to successfully adapt to life tasks in the face of social disadvantage or highly adverse conditions. Adversity and stress can come in the shape of family or relationship problems, health problems, or workplace and financial worries, among others.

What is the WISC and what does it tell us?-

it's the standard intelligence test used in , , childhood, consisting of different scales composing a variety of subsets.

How do we define mentally retarded

learning disabled, and gifted?-

Mentally retarded-

reading difficulties, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition that's often genetic in origin.

Learning disabled-

the label for significantly impaired cognitive functioning, measured by deficits in behavior accompanied by having an IQ of 70 or below.

Gifted-

the label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing the child ranks in the top 2 % of his age group.

Do IQ scores predict real-world outcomes?-

Psychologists disagree, some claim that the test score reflects a single quality "g" that relates to cognitive performance in every area of life; others feel that intelligence involves multiple abilities and argue that is inappropriate to rate intelligence on a single score

Alternative theories of intelligence:

Sternberg's triarchic theory and what it means to be "successfully intelligence"-

The triarchic theory describes three distinct types of intelligence that a person can possess. Sternberg calls these three types practical intelligence, creative intelligence, and analytical intelligence. Successful intelligence- having a good balance of analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.

Gardner's multiple intelligences-

proposed eight abilities that he held to meet these criteria: musical-rhythmic

visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.

Intrinsic-

the drive to act on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward.

Extrinsic-

the drive to take an action cause that activity offers external reinforces such as praise, money or good grades.

What is the difference between gross and fine motor skills?

Gross motor are large muscle groups and similar to full body movements i.e. running, jumping, dancing, etc.

Fine motor are smaller muscle groups located in the hands and are developed through writing, typing, drawing, etc.

How do we define and address childhood obesity?

defined as a BMI at or above the 95th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex. BMI is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters. For children and teens, BMI is age- and sex-specific and is often referred to as BMI-for-age.Provide plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole-grain products.

Include low-fat or non-fat milk or dairy products.

Choose lean meats, poultry, fish, lentils, and beans for protein.

Serve reasonably-sized portions

Describe pre-operational thinking

During this stage the child begins to go beyond recognizing and is able to use words and images to refer to objects, imagination is developed

*Symbolic thinking, proper syntax & grammar

Describe concrete thinking

7-11 years

able to connect concepts to concrete situations, development of conservation

What is egocentrism?

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

What is conservation?

the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects

What is reversibility?

the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point

What is animism?

the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

Describe Vygotsky's social learning

According to Vygotsky (1978), much important learning by the child occurs through social interaction with a skillful tutor. The tutor may model behaviors and/or provide verbal instructions for the child. Vygotsky refers to this as cooperative or collaborative dialogue

What is zone of proximal development?

the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help

What is scaffolding?

temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process

What are some ways to do scaffolding?

1) Provide a challenge that is just beyond what your child can already do easily by him or herself.

2) Give prompts.

3) Ask questions.

4) Model the steps involved.

5) Praise your child for attempting the task, not just for succeeding.

What is inner speech?

repeating information silently or "out loud" in order to regulate behavior or to master cognitive challenges

What is information-processing theory?

a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output. Sensory Memory. This initial stage involves our senses picking up on features from our environment. It occurs only for a few seconds before it is brought into our memory.

What is working memory?

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

What are executive functions?

Higher order thinking processes:

1) Planning

2) Organizing

3) Inhibiting behaviour

4) Decision making

What is rehearsal?

the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

What is selective attention?

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

What is ADHD?

A chronic condition including attention difficulty, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.

how do we work with children with ADHD?

Helping kids who distract easily involves physical placement, increased movement, and breaking long work into shorter chunks. Seat the child with ADHD away from doors and windows. Alternate seated activities with those that allow the child to move his or her body around the room.

Give them fidget toys to try and give them something that allows them to move, or like an exercise ball instead of a regular chair

What are the components of speech? (4 things)

morphemes, phonemes, syntax, & semantics

What are morphemes?

the smallest meaningful units of language

i.e. "womanly" the morpheme would be "woman"

What are phonemes?

basic speech sounds

i.e. the sound of "k" present in carrot, cat, kit-kat etc.

What is syntax?

Sentence structure

What is semantics?

the study of meaning in language

What is regularization in language?

the replacement of irregular forms in morphology or syntax by regular ones

i.e. replacing "kine" with "cows"

What is overregularization?

errors children make when they apply normal grammar rules to all words

What is theory of mind?

awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others

ability to understand that others have their own distinct thoughts & thinking

What is emotion regulation?

the ability to control and regulate one's own emotions

What are two styles of emotion regulation?

antecedent-focused: occur before an emotional response is fully generated

response-focused: occur after an emotional response is fully generated