The Endocrine System and Fight or Flight Response

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soz for memees it was 9pm and i was feeling cheeky x

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12 Terms

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Describe the function of the endocrine system

Communicates chemical messages (i.e. hormones) to the organs of the body
Hormones regulate body’s growth, metabolisms and sexual development

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Name the major glands of the endocrine system (PPART)

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

Adrenal glands

Reproductive organs (testes & ovaries)

Thyroid

<p><strong><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit">P</mark></strong>ituitary gland</p><p><strong><mark data-color="blue" style="background-color: blue; color: inherit">P</mark></strong>ineal gland</p><p><strong><mark data-color="red" style="background-color: red; color: inherit">A</mark></strong>drenal glands</p><p><strong><mark data-color="purple" style="background-color: purple; color: inherit">R</mark></strong>eproductive organs (testes & ovaries)</p><p><strong><mark data-color="green" style="background-color: green; color: inherit">T</mark></strong>hyroid</p>

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Describe the function of glands in the endocrine system

Organs that produce and secrete hormones to regulate many bodily functions
Major gland = pituitary gland since it controls the release of hormones from all other endocrine glands in the body

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Describe the function of hormones in the endocrine system

Chemicals that circulate the bloodstream
Influence target organs that have a receptors for that hormone in order to regulate bodily activites
Produced in large amounts but disappear quickly
Very powerful effects

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Describe adrenaline

Gland
Location
General effects
Behavioural effects

Gland: Adrenal medulla (part of the adrenal glands)

Location: Adrenal glands above the kidneys

General effects:

Involved in body’s fight or flight response
Increases heart rate and expands airways etc.

Behavioural effects:

Heightens alertness and increases focus
Prolonged exposure to high levels due to chronic stress can lead to anxiety and difficulty sleeping

<p><u>Gland:</u> <strong>Adrenal medulla</strong> (part of the adrenal glands)</p><p><u>Location:</u> Adrenal glands <strong>above </strong>the <strong>kidneys </strong></p><p><u>General effects:</u></p><ul><li><p>Involved in body’s <strong>fight or flight response</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Increases </strong>heart rate and <strong>expands </strong>airways etc.</p></li></ul><p>Behavioural effects:</p><ul><li><p>Heightens <strong>alertness </strong>and <strong>increases focus </strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Prolonged </strong>exposure to high levels due to chronic stress can lead to <strong>anxiety </strong>and <strong>difficulty sleeping </strong></p></li></ul><p></p>

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Describe testosterone

Gland
Location
General effects
Behavioural effects

Glands:

Testes in males
Ovaries in females
Adrenal glands in both

Location:

Testes (scrotum)
Ovaries (pelvic cavity)
Adrenal glands (above kidneys)

General effects:

Promotes muscle and bone growth
Leads to development of male secondary sexual characteristics
Females - helps to maintain bone density

Behavioural effects:

Increases aggression and competitiveness
Associated with risk-taking behaviours and dominance in social contexts

<p><u>Glands:</u></p><ul><li><p><strong>Testes </strong>in males </p></li><li><p><strong>Ovaries </strong>in females </p></li><li><p><strong>Adrenal glands </strong>in both </p></li></ul><p><u>Location:</u></p><ul><li><p>Testes (scrotum)</p></li><li><p>Ovaries (pelvic cavity)</p></li><li><p>Adrenal glands (above kidneys) </p></li></ul><p><u>General effects:</u></p><ul><li><p>Promotes <strong>muscle </strong>and <strong>bone</strong> growth </p></li><li><p>Leads to development of <strong>male secondary sexual characteristics </strong></p></li><li><p>Females - helps to maintain bone density </p></li></ul><p><u>Behavioural effects:</u></p><ul><li><p>Increases <strong>aggression </strong>and <strong>competitiveness </strong></p></li><li><p>Associated with risk-taking behaviours and dominance in social contexts </p></li></ul><p></p>

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Describe melatonin

Gland
Location
General effects
Behavioural effects

Gland: Pineal gland

Location: Centre of the brain

General effects:

Regulates sleep-wake cycle
Induces sleepiness and lowers body temperature

Behavioural effects:

Induces sleep patterns and can contribute to mood changes
May affect cognitive performance and alertness
Lack of melatonin is associated with insomnia and mood disorders

<p>Gland: <strong>Pineal </strong>gland </p><p>Location: <strong>Centre </strong>of the <strong>brain </strong></p><p>General effects:</p><ul><li><p>Regulates<strong> sleep-wake cycle </strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Induces sleepiness</strong> and lowers body temperature </p></li></ul><p>Behavioural effects:</p><ul><li><p>Induces<strong> sleep patterns</strong> and can contribute to mood changes</p></li><li><p>May affect <strong>cognitive </strong>performance and alertness </p></li><li><p><strong>Lack </strong>of melatonin is associated with <strong>insomnia </strong>and mood disorders </p></li></ul><p></p>

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Describe progesterone and oestrogen

Gland
Location
General effects
Behavioural effects

Glands:

Ovaries
Adrenal glands
Placenta (during pregnancy)

Location:

Ovaries (pelvic cavity)
Adrenal glands (above the kidneys)
Placenta (uterus)

General effects:

Prepares uterus for implantation and maintains pregnancy
Regulates menstrual cycle

Behavioural effects:

May promote calmness and relaxation
Affects mood and contributes to mood swings and irritability - especially during PMS

<p>Glands: </p><ul><li><p>Ovaries </p></li><li><p>Adrenal glands </p></li><li><p>Placenta (during pregnancy) </p></li></ul><p>Location:</p><ul><li><p>Ovaries <strong>(pelvic cavity)</strong></p></li><li><p>Adrenal glands<strong> (above the kidneys)</strong></p></li><li><p>Placenta<strong> (uterus)</strong></p></li></ul><p>General effects:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Prepares </strong>uterus for <strong>implantation </strong>and maintains pregnancy </p></li><li><p>Regulates<strong> menstrual cycle</strong> </p></li></ul><p>Behavioural effects:</p><ul><li><p>May promote <strong>calmness </strong>and <strong>relaxation </strong></p></li><li><p>Affects <strong>mood </strong>and contributes to <strong>mood swings </strong>and <strong>irritability </strong>- especially during <strong>PMS</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>

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Describe cortisol

Gland
Location
General effects
Behavioural effects

Glands:

Adrenal glands

Location:

Above the kidneys

General effects:

Plays key role in stress response by increasing blood sugar and suppressing immune system
Helps the body respond to danger by providing quick source of energy

Behavioural effects:

High levels of cortisol are associated with anxiety and irritability
Chronic stress can lead to depression and fatigue

<p>Glands:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Adrenal </strong>glands</p></li></ul><p>Location:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Above </strong>the <strong>kidneys</strong></p></li></ul><p>General effects:</p><ul><li><p>Plays key role in stress response by <strong>increasing blood sugar</strong> and <strong>suppressing immune system</strong></p></li><li><p>Helps the body <strong>respond </strong>to <strong>danger </strong>by providing<strong> quick source </strong>of <strong>energy</strong></p></li></ul><p>Behavioural effects:</p><ul><li><p><strong>High </strong>levels of cortisol are associated with <strong>anxiety</strong> and <strong>irritability</strong></p></li><li><p>Chronic stress can lead to <strong>depression </strong>and <strong>fatigue </strong></p></li></ul><p></p>

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Draw flow chart of fight or flight response

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Give examples of what happens to the body during sympathetic state

Increased heart rate
Dilates pupils
Increased breathing rate
Inhibits saliva production
Inhibits digestion

<ul><li><p>Increased heart rate </p></li><li><p>Dilates pupils</p></li><li><p>Increased breathing rate </p></li><li><p>Inhibits saliva production </p></li><li><p>Inhibits digestion </p></li></ul><p></p>

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Describe the fight or flight response

Hypothalamus directs the sympathetic branch of the ANS to send neurotransmitters to the adrenal medulla
Results in release of adrenaline into bloodstream and causes a ‘fight or flight’ response
This leads to activation of emergency functions such as increased heart rate and blood pressure
Non-emergency body processes such as digestion are suppressed here
Parasympathetic branch of the ANS kicks in when threat has passed

<ul><li><p><strong>Hypothalamus </strong>directs the <strong>sympathetic </strong>branch of the <strong>ANS </strong>to send <strong>neurotransmitters </strong>to the <strong>adrenal medulla</strong></p></li><li><p>Results in release of adrenaline into bloodstream and causes a <strong><em>‘fight or flight’ </em></strong>response </p></li><li><p>This leads to <strong>activation </strong>of <strong>emergency functions </strong>such as <strong>increased </strong>heart rate and blood pressure </p></li><li><p>Non-emergency body processes such as <strong>digestion </strong>are <strong>suppressed </strong>here </p></li><li><p><strong>Parasympathetic </strong>branch of the ANS kicks in when <strong>threat</strong> has <strong>passed </strong></p></li></ul><p></p>