unit 7 Interwar period (after WW1)

paris peace conference

Gathering of the victorious allied nations after WW1 to establish peace terms for defeated central powers

big 4

Woodrow wilson of the US, david lloyd george of great britian, georges clemenceau of france, and vittorio orlando of italy

woodrow wilson

peace without victory, no one should be punished severely, 14 points

georges clemenceau

severe reparations needed, due to the suffering france went through, wanted to be protected from germany

14 points

Wilson’s principles, including League of Nations and self determination of colonies

League of nations

an organization in which all nations of the world would convene to discuss conflicts openly, as a way to avoid the simmering tensions that had caused WW1.

major decisions in paris peace

• self determination of colonies mostly ignored, except in some european instances

• treaty of versailles signed

• league of nations created (US did not join)

New nations formed after WW1

finland, estonia, latvia, lithuania, poland, czechoslovakia, yugoslavia, last 3 to slavs

treaty of versailles

• forced germany to accept the blame for WW1

• forced germany to pay billions of dollars of reparations for damages caused by the war

• forced germany to give up its colonies

• forced germany to restrict its military and navy

build up to great depression

1920s

• germany has high inflation

• france/britain have issues paying thier war debts to US due to germany’s struggles to pay them

• russia refuses to pay prerevolutionary debts

immediate causes of great depression

• agricultural overproduction

• US stock market crash

WW1 impact

• germany has high inflation, bank failure, reparation

• africa, asia, latin american depended on imperial nations that were experiencing the enormous econimic downturn

• japan relied on foreign trade

• victors trying to rebuild war torn cities

• more than 30 million people worldwide unemployed

keynesian economics

Created by John Marynard Keynes, rejected laissez faire

economy would be fixed if governments enacted policies like deficit spending (spending more than the government has) to stimulate the economy, cutting taxes ,increasing spending of consumers by getting them back to work

new deal

Used by franklin delano roosevelt and his administration, used keynesian economics in the US

• provided relief for suffering citizens

• recovery to bring the nation out of great depression

• reform to change government policies to prevent this from happening again

devaluing currency

used by japan and ended up revitalizing economy rapidly

• government lowers value of its money in relation to other currencies making japanese products cheaper than other imports; results in more trade/money

• japan expands military and spending on such goods also stimulated the economy

russian civil war

russia faced starvation, strikes from urban factory workers and sailors, peasants began hoarding their food stocks, industrial/agricultural production dropped sharply

New economic plan NEP

Vladmir Lenin’s fix for the russian economy, reintroduced private trade and some economic liberties; slightly successful but ended when he died in 1924

politburo

communist party’s central organization led by joseph stalin

5 year plan

Joseph Stalin creates this to make the USSR/soviet union industralized and competitive

• inlcudes collectivization which angers farmers who retaliate by burning crops, killing livestock, moving to cities, millions of peasants starve to death

• industralization leads to new jobs and some grwoth

joseph stalin

Takes control as dictator after lenin’s death and creates 5 year plan

controlled press, harsh punishments for opponents (silencing them by sending them to gulags)

PRI

• improved economy from 1930-170 espeically through lazaro cardenas and land reform (ex: nationalizing oil industry (PEMEX))

• not many changes to social reform, corruption remains

fascism

extreme natioanlism, glorified the military and armed struggle, blamed problems on ethnic minorities

facists

• suppressed other political parties, protests, indpendent trade unions

• used goals to justify violence

• strongly anticommunist

corporatism

sectors of the economy- employers, trade unions, state officials- are seen as separate organs of the same body

totalitarianism

a state in which the government controls all aspects of society

benito mussolini

• takes over parlizament with his fascist allies, becomes dictator

• fascism

• corporatism

• pushed for imperialism in africa

• totalitarian state

popular front

Was elected in 1936, he wanted land reform, a hope that energized the nations peasants and radicals

supported by peasants and radicals (people who advocate for change)

supported by some USSR, british, US, french civillian volunteers

Spanish civil war

Republicans/loyalists/popular front vs nationalists/conservatives

Franco wins

defeats loyalist army and rules spain as a dictator until 1975

conservatives/nationalists spain

catholic church, high ranking militia who were opposed to changes, led by francisco franco

supported by germany, italy, portugal

Francisco Franco

Led the conservative forces, defeated the loyalist army and rules spian as a dictator until 1975

leads spain to remain neutral during WWII, still offer some help to germany, italy and japan

Getulio Vargas

takes over as president during a bloodless coup (illegal seizure of power) in 1930

• created the new state program

Vargas new state program

government censorship of the press, abolition of political parties, imprisonment of political opponents, and hypernationalism.

mandate system

established through the league of nations, determined that colonies and territories of the central powers would be taken by the allies

• france/britain gain cameroon

• japan gains german islands in western pacific

pan arabism

Palestine, transjordan, lebanon, syria, iraq all became league of nations mandates. This infuriates the arabs who lived in these lands and set a nationalist movement which called for unification of all north african and middle eastern lands

balfour declaration

Statement by british, arthur james balfour, that said Palestine should become a permanent home for the Jews of Europe

upsets many as it disregards the rights of the existing arab population

zionists

support balfour declaration of jews having a new permanent home

indian national congress

formed in late 19th century to represent interests of india/discuss isues with britian

Massacre at Amritsar

In 1919 a group of indian nationalists gathered to protest the jailing of 2 freedom fighters during the sikh festival. British colonial government had recently made such gatherings illegal and their forces fired into the unarmed crowd. Killing 379 and wounding 1200, this convinced many to fight for indpendence from british

Gandhi

encouraged civil disobedience, indians to break unjust laws and reveal the injustices of the british empire to the international community (Satyagraha movement)

• helped encourage protests by boycotting against british goods

• wore traditional cotton hindu clothing

Salt march

Gandhi leads thousands of indians to arabian sea and simply picks up a few grains of salt in defiance of britian’s unjust edict (ban of indians producing their own sea salt)

2 state solutions

proposal that focused on how to organize a future indpendent india; due to religious interests proposal for a separate state called pakistan

march 1st movement

Seris of protests involving 2 million koreans after europe supported japanese expansion in east asia;led to death of several thousand koreans by japanese

may 4th movement

Chinese protest against western style government, especially after europe supports japanese expansion in east asia. led many leaders to turn to marxist ideology

chinese communist party

led by mao zedong who believed that china’s communist revolution could be based on the revolts of the peasants who made up the majority of china’s population instead of energizing the working classes of chinese cities

kuomintang

Led by Sun yat sen who was devoted to full independence and industralization, he allied with mao’s forces to free china from foreign domination and overthrow warlords. After sun’s death Chiang kaishek took control, he was a conservative and distrusted communism.

Chiang kaishek

Took over kuomintang after sun’s death, he was a conservative who distrusted communism. In 1927 he attacks Mao’s forces and nearly annihilates them which initiates a chinese civil war

long march

After chiangs forces attacked, Maos forces traversed treacherous terrain fro a year long 6000 mile long retreat.

Manchuria

Japan invades this place as they were in search of access to natural resources

their actions lead to them being condemmed by the league of nations and they leave

manchuko

Manchuria turned into this by Japan as a puppet state

Greater east asia co prosperity sphere

Pan asian union (most of asia) that japan tried to establish. Phillipines, dutch east indies, british malaya, burma, and numerous pacific islands

jomo kenyatta

future leader of kenya, studied in london

Leopold senghor

future leader of senegal, studied in paris

workers in french west africa staged strikes

these workers protested working conditions as well as colonization, spreads to other locations in french west africa