Italy 1896 - 1915

When did Crispi resign?

1896

Why did Crispi resign?

Defeat in Adowa

When was the battle of Adowa

1st March 1896

Why did street demonstrations in 1896 start

high prices and food shortages

Where did the demonstrations begin?

the South

When did the demonstrations spread to the rest of the country

April 1896

Why did rioting begin?

The government attempted to arrest socialist newspaper sellers

How many people did the army kill in the riots?

200

Who was Giovanni Giolitti?

the dominant liberal politician from 1896-1915

Which bank printed money?

Banca Roma

How many soldiers were killed in the battle of Adowa?

5000

When was the Libyan war?

September 1911

How quickly were major Libyan ports and towns taken

3 weeks

When was universal male suffrage introduced?

1912

What led to a greater sense of Italian nationhood?

free primary eduction + national military service

When was Fiat founded?

1899

What was national income in 1895?

61 billion lire

What was national income in 1915?

92 billion lire

How much had foreign trade increased up to 1913

6x

Socialist criticism

• working class being exploited

• Wages low + hours very long

• Sickness and pension pays were bad

• money wasted on imperialism

• liberalism had failed to deal with poverty

Nationalist criticism

• Italy wasn’t a major force in Europe

• Humiliating defeat in Ethiopia in 1896

• 500,000 emigrants per year - disgrace

• liberalism caused bigger struggle between classes

• state hadn’t crushed socialism

• Liberalism hadn’t created a national spirit

Catholic criticisms

• Hard to support a regime which ignored pope’s territorial rights in Rome in 1870

• Liberal’s hadn’t helped catholic poverty

• Giolitti hadn’t given enough money to southern provinces

• Sicily - 0.01% of pop owned 50% of land

• Believed liberals represented educated elite - didn’t care for most of Italy

What was Red Week?

Violent uprising that happened across Italy

Why did Red Week happen?

A general strike in Ancona on 7th June 1914 resulted in killing of 3 demonstrators by police.

How long was Ancona held for by rebels?

10 days

Where else did the rebellion occur?

Regions of Marche and Emilia- Romagna

Bologna

Ferrara

Ravenna

How many soldiers were need to restore the peace

100,000

How many soldiers retreated in the battle of Caporetto?

700,000

Who was the army’s commander in chief?

Cadorna

How many Italians were taken prisoner at the battle of Caporetto

300,000

Who killed himself after the defeat in Caporetto?

Senator Franchetti

How many Italian soldiers were wounded at the battle of Caporetto?

30,000

How many Italian soldiers were killed at the battle of Caporetto?

10,000

What happened during the retreat from Caporetto?

Violence between Italian soldiers, loss of weapons and the loss of the majority of the Veneto

Between 1870-1922 how many PMS were there?

29

How much of the South were illiterate?

87%

In 1913 how much of the votes did the PSI get?

20%

How much money had the Banca Roma illegally printed to lend to leading politicians such as Giolitti and Crispi?

60 million lire

When were there assassination attempts on the King and Crispi in the Milan riots?

1898

What were the Milan riots over?

Rising food prices

How many were killed in the Milan riots?

40

When was King Umberto assassinated?

1900

When did Giolitti nationalise railways?

1904

What did Giolitti do to help people?

• Limited working day for women and children

• Maternity fund

• Outlawed employment of children under 12

When did Giolitti set up Supreme council of labour to advise on labour issues?

1902

Did Giolitti’s policy of non-intervention on strikes work?

Yes - 1904 strike collapsed after lack of intervention

How successful was Giolitti in absorbing the socialists?

Moderately - Some joined his coalition but most refused to join

As trade unions grew so did socialist militancy

How successful was Giolitti in absorbing the nationalists?

Very unsuccessful - they totally opposed him and between 1908-14 were too powerful to be absorbed

What was a consequence of the Libyan war?

Made nationalists very popular

How did Libyan war effect socialists?

They became very unpopular as they were seen as traitors

What did Universal male suffrage cause to collapse?

trasformismo

When was the outbreak of Red Week?

7th June 1914

In the South how much of the population owned 50% of the land?

0.01%

in 1871 how much of Italy’s population was involved in agriculture?

68%

When was Naples industrially developed?

1904

By 1911 how much of Italians lived in towns/cities?

56%