Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards generated from lecture notes for exam preparation, focusing on key vocabulary.

Cephalocaudal growth

Growth pattern that proceeds from head to toe.

Proximodistal growth

Growth from the center of the body to the periphery.

Object permanence

Knowing an object is there even when one cannot see it.

Separation anxiety

Infant cries or protests when the parent leaves the room, typically begins around 6 months.

Infancy

Spans from 4 weeks to 1 year of age.

Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust

Consistent caregiving fosters trust in infants.

Pincer grasp

Develops around 9 months of age.

Palmar grasp

Occurs around 6 months.

NASPE physical activity guidelines

Infants should interact daily with caregivers and have opportunities for free movement, avoid restrictive equipment.

Preverbal stage

Language development stage from birth to 1 year which includes crying, babbling, and gesturing.

Piaget's Sensorimotor stage

Infants learn through exploration and senses.

Freud's Oral stage

A stage where the mouth is the primary source of pleasure for infants.

Stranger anxiety

Peaks around 9 months, indicates strong attachment and cognitive awareness.

Bonding

Begins prenatally and deepens with nurturing and responsive care.

DTaP

Vaccine given at 2 months for diptheria, tetanus, and pertussis.

Early childhood

Spans ages 1 to 6, divided into toddler and preschool stages.

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Erikson’s stage for toddlers (1–3 years) where the child seeks control and independence.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson’s stage for preschoolers (3–6 years) where the child explores and tries new activities.

Receptive language

Develops before expressive language.

Parallel play

Side-by-side but not interactive play seen in toddlers.

Cooperative play

Play fosters social, motor, and emotional development in preschoolers.

Prelogical thinking

Preschoolers have magical thinking and egocentrism.

Discipline

Must have as its basic purpose the guiding, teaching, or correcting of behavior, not punishment.

Time-Out

Discipline technique of 1 minute per year of age, effective for children between ages 1 and 6.

Middle childhood

Spans ages 6 to 12, often referred to as the school-age period.

Concrete thinking

Focus on facts rather than fantasy.

Abstract thinking

Develops during middle childhood.

Major Developmental Task during middle childhood

Focus on friendships, influenced by peers.

Ossification

Calcium bone growth during middle childhood.

Concrete operational stage

Children think logically about real situations but struggle with abstract ideas.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's psychosocial stage during middle childhood.

Cognitive Styles & Learning Preferences

Children need a 45-minute attention span to process, memorize, and recall information.

Moral Development

Children start to learn and follow rules.

Knowledge Phase

Knowing what's right.

Emotion Phase

Feeling good or bad about it.

Action Phase

Doing what's right (based on moral reasoning).

Adolescence

The bridge between childhood and adulthood.

Early Adolescence

Ages 10-13, characterized by physical changes, growth spurt, concrete thinking, and same-sex peer groups.

Middle Adolescence

Ages 14-16, abstract thinking starts, peer dating begins, body image experimentation, and increased risk-taking.

Late Adolescence

Ages 17-20, identity and career goals stabilize, responsible decision-making, intimacy, and independence increase.

Puberty

The stage of sexual maturity and the functional ability to reproduce.

Spermatogenesis

Ability to impregnate someone during male puberty.

Menarche

The first occurrence of menstruation.

Ovulation

Occurs about 14 days before menstruation starts, and the egg lives for 1 day (most fertile time).

GnRH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus gland.

Formal Operational Stage

Adolescents begin to think abstractly and logically.

Postformal Operational Thinking

An adolescent weighing long-term consequences, handling gray areas, and reconciling conflicting viewpoints.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's stage that occurs roughly between ages 12 to 18 where adolescents are faced with forming a stable personal identity.

Sexual orientation

Refers to attraction (e.g., heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, pansexual).

Gender identity

One's personal sense of being male, female, or nonbinary.

Gender dysphoria

Distress from mismatch between biological sex and gender identity.

Asynchronous Development

Uneven physical growth during adolescence (e.g., long limbs, clumsiness).

Industry vs. Inferiority Stage

Middle childhood psychosocial development stage of Erikson characterized by motivation to achieve competence.

Weaning

One of the Erikson Tasks of Infancy

Self-feeding

One of the Erikson Tasks of Infancy

Walking

One of the Erikson Tasks of Infancy

Attachment

Attachment Starts long before the infant is born, when the mother feels the fetus moving in the womb.

Crawling

Crawling starts around 9 months.

Sitting without support

Sitting without support by 6–8 months.

Rolling over

Rolling over occurs around 5–6 months.

Head control improves

Head control improves by 2–4 months.

Communication Skills

Age 3–5: full sentences and conversation.

Toilet Training

Begins as sphincter control and communication improve.

Physiological growth

Toddlers: develop balance, run by age 2, exaggerated lumbar curve

Nutrition

Appetite decreases at age 2 due to slowed growth.

Play and Toys

Toddlers: parallel play—side-by-side but not interactive.

Discipline Techniques

Use praise, time-outs (1 min per year of age), and consistency.

Peer Relationships - Peer Relationships

Strong need for peer acceptance and group identity

Moral behavior

influenced by: Culture, poverty, or environment (e.g., war).

Piaget classified - cognitive development

this age in the concrete operational stage, where children think logically but best understand through hands-on experience.

Cognitive development

• Children think logically about real situations but struggle with abstract ideas.

Erikson is the- psychosocial development

industry vs. inferiority stage. Children strive to master tasks and emulate role models.

Culture in school-age children

War can influence moral behavior. Knowing what is culturally or morally right does not guarantee acting in accordance with that knowledge

Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning

Cultural influence on moral behavior.

Effective Discipline

Reasoning, withdrawal of privileges, time-outs

Sexual Latency

Freud calls this stage sexual latency. Curiosity about bodies is normal. Children often identify with same-sex parents.

Adolescence

A transitional phase from childhood to adulthood.

Puberty for girls--

starts secondary sex charestrics before puberty, (MENARCHE)

Cognitive and intellect

Cognitive Development - Understanding basic time concepts and rules

Communication Skills

Skills - Improved storytelling and discussion skills

Developmental Tasks

Establish a stable sense of identity, Separation from family, Career planning

Formal thinking

Piaget formal thinking, challenging adult norms

ADOLESCENCE AGE

ADOLESCENCE AGE IS 10-20

Middle years of childhood

gaining independence, deeper peer relationships, beginning to develop abstract thinking. Self-concept forming from internal sources.

Ossification and coordination improve

Fine and gross motor skills developing rapidly

Learning to cooperate Peer Relationships

and take turns

Adulthood

Skills such as impulse control, risk evaluation, and the ability to delay gratification, which are linked to ongoing frontal lobe development.

Emotional and Social Maturity

Managing dissapointment.

Adolescent challenges

Issues: Substance abuse, eating disorders, body image, risk-taking, anxiety, and depression.

sexual development

explore Healthy dating relationships and Teach consent.

Tasks for infant

tasks include self-feeding, weaning, walking, and forming attachment

DTAP vaccine

they need more than 1, they get boosters, given at 2 months

Accident prevention

major cause of injury and mortality for infants

Toilet training

training, communication, emotional control, and self-image development

Cognitive development and intelligence

and guided questions help foster there language skills!

5 year old

understand is through hands on activities!!!!

Self-control

learning to share with others are moral tasks of early childhood

Preschoolers DO NOT

have the abstract reasoning to lie for the purpose of deceiving others.

Discipline- punishment

must have as its basic purpose the guiding, teaching, or correcting of behavior, not punishment.

Early middle childhood

transitioning from fantasy to fact-based thinking