MCQ

responsible for water’s unique properties

HYDROGEN BONDS

how amino acids affect the tertiary structure of a protein?

interactions of different R- Groups with other R- Groups

Culture of Spirogyra in water

carbs & lipids stay same, proteins & nucleic acid decrease

Polypeptide reaction

represents polypeptide chain broken down through hydrolysis

water molecules moving down stem

water and xylem are both polar

formation of the bond shown (peptide bond formation)

a covalent bond is formed between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom

organic compounds NOT formed in inorganic compounds

carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other

membrane protein structure

most amino acids will be hydrophobic

hydrolysis of carbs

addition of water molecule breaks a covalent bond between sugar monomers

high levels of plant nutrient runoff lead to rapid growth of algae

the concentration of chlorophyll a

chemical binds to protein composed of a polypeptide chain

secondary structure is affected

DNA RNA structural difference

backbone of DNA contains deoxyribose

dipeptide and amino acid in optimal position illustration

COOH - HNH

30% of nucleotides in RNA is adenine

0% are thymine

cholinesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis

cholinesterase breaks covalent bonds within acetylcholine with an addition of a water molecule

aquatic ecosystems controlled expiriment (ph)

bar graph

bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria

DNA

CO2 enters a cell through what

simple diffusion

cellular shap and SA to V ratio

cuboidal cell

manner in which several diff ions and molecules move thru a cell membrane (diagram of cell membrane)

NA+ transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis

what cell type in table is most efficient in acquiring nutrients

Cell type 2

osmosis from grapes - 1

grape soda and NACL have a lower water potential cuz theres two solutions causinf grape to lose water

grape osmosis lab 5

the grape cells will gain water more slowly bc of lack of facilitated diffusion

extensive folding of inner mitocondrial membrane benefits

increases area available for proteins involved in energy transfer

what is true about the movement of substances across the cell membranes

ions are unable to move through phospholipid bilayer

paramecia - which paramecium will have highest contraction rate

paramecium 1

best describes how insulin leaves the cell

a vesical containing insulin fuses with the plasma membrane (exocytosis)

which diagrammed microscope view would the labratory worker see

view 2 because the rate of water movement into the cell is the same as out

advantage these projections provide the cell (kidney)

increase SA:V ratio of cell

water is transported from soil into roots of plant. -0.2 MPa

the potential of the soil will be higher than -0.2 MPA but water potential will be lower in leaf

which cube shaped cell would be most efficient in removing waste

10

rod shaped bacterium - unique to archaea and bacteria

organism does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material

(metabolic pathway diagram) why is a glucose transporter needed to move glucose into the cell

glucose is large and polar and can’t pass through

how amino acids affect tertiary structure of protein

interactions of diff R groups with other R groups

chloroplast ability to produce atp in the dark - explain diff between pH

difference in ph created a proton gradiant

algae photosynthesis (graph) - which environmental change will result in greatest increase in net photosynthetic productivity

a change in light intensity from 0 to 30

similarities between ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts (diagram)

do electron transport chains create a gradient so that ATP synthase can generate ATP molecules?

key steps in metabolic pathway of glucose (diagram) - net number of atp

2

(graph) - which describes how an increase in substrate concentration affects frequency of enzyme interactions

frequency of enzyme-substrate interactions incrrases until all active sites were interacting with substrate

which of the following best addresses whether a particular inhibitor is competitive or noncompetitive

does inhibitor bind to active site or allosteric site

what best describes the function of double membrane in mitochondria (pic of mitochondria)

inner membrane has highly specialized proteins that create hydrogen ion gradient

coral species 4 (2 bar graphs)

there will be additional H+ ions that can disrupt HYDROGEN BONDS

which of the following describes a metabolic consequence in muscle cells

a buildup of lactic acid in muscle tissue due to fermentation

plant growing expiriment 3 (pic of plants, and table)

energy input from light is required for grass to grow

to test hypothesis that plant synthesizes storage lipids by using G3P phosphate

14C labeled CO2

graph for change in relative concentration of product over time - how rate of reaction changes over time

rate decreases bc ratio of product to substrate increases

describe role of ATP and NADPH in process of photosynthesis

carriers of chemical energy that is used in production of carbs

effects of chemical that makes thylakoid membranes permeable to hydrogen ions

chloroplasts will generate less ATP

role of water in photosynthesis

water molecule donates electrons to ETC

best prediction about the activity of platelets best describes a positive feedback mechanism?

activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets

which of the following is least likely to result in formation of cancerous tumor?

defect in cell cycle checkpoint prevents a cell from entering the S phase

which describes a cell that is in G1 phase of the cell cycle

cell is growing in size & increasing number of proteins and organelles

2 diff signaling pathways that share a second messenger

C - same black circle

coral reef (4 graphs) -what best describes production of DMSP by coral and coral symbionts ?

negative feedback that reverses enviormental change

how a drug can be used to inhibit tumor growth caused by EGF overexpression?

drug binds to HER 2, preventing activation of signaling pathway

(model of epinephrine signaling) how exercise causes blood sugar levels to rise

activates alpha cells, releases glucagon, inhibits beta cells, blocking release of insulin

endocrine signaling pathway (model) - which observation would provide evidence of a positive feedback mechanism

estrogen from the ovaries stimulates hypothalamus

glucose transporter protein (1 model, 3 graphs) how individuals with type 2 diabetes differ from individuals without diabetes?

relatively low levels of glucose uptake indicate that moblization of GLUT 4 is REDUCED in muscle cells

how a growth factor stimulates cell division from outside a cell

growth factor binds to receptors on cell surface, initiating STR

model of eukaryotic cell cycle regulation - effect of a drug that blocks production in mitotic cycle

cell would be prevented from entering mitosis, and cell would stop dividing

(model of cyclin and CDK of MPF) which describes a role of cyclin in regulation of cell cycle

during M phase, cyclin levels peak

(model of regulation of hormones in thyroid gland) - what occurs in response to an increase in secretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4

thyroid hormones will inhibit hypothalamus

Of the following stages of meiosis illustrated for a typical cell, which contributes most to diversity among the warblers

model of 4chromosome pairs in middle, attached to spindle fibers

genetic counselor for huntington’s disease

were your parents or grandparents ever diagnosed with huntington’s disease?

which of following includes correct number of chromosomes in a cell after each cellular process

G2 checkpoint = 78, meiosis = 39, fertilization = 78

(diagram of all chromosomes in humans) . which statement about karyotype in the diagram is true

diagram illustrates results of nondisjunction during gamete formation (3 sex chromosomes)

blue flowered african violets - what is best explanation for pink flowered offspring?

pink flower is a color trait that is recessive

chi square analysis for pea plants - based on calculations researchers would conclude:

difference observed and expected data is due to chance

chi square value for chicken feather phenotypes (data table)

0.95

chi square value for fruit flies

chi square value is LESS, null hypothesis NOT REJECTED

eye color in fly. what likely describes mode of inheritence

eye color gene is autosomal because males and females have similar phenotype ratio

(pedigree of protoporphyria in a family) what describes the inheritance pattern in figure?

X linked dominant inheritance

(pedigree of 3 generations of a family that have a high frequency of a genetic condition) - what shows observed pattern of inheritance?

condition is passed on from mothers to offspring mitochondrial gene

tay sachs carriers (table) - what pedigree most accurately depicts a family with a history of disease?

pedigree with no affected ppl at very top

fertilization of ovules from plant Q - what percent of genes in each offsprings will be inherited from plant R?

0&

how changing seasons result in fur color changing in an arctic fox?

enviormental factors cause changes in Gene EXPRESSION

why triploid bananas dont produce seeds

production of gametes is disrupted due to unequal pairing of chromosomes

(model of process involving nucleic acids) what process is being represnted in figure?

new DNA strand is being synthesized 5’ to 3/ direction

(list of enzymes involved in DNA replication) : enzyme used to attach okazaki fragments to each other

DNA LIGASE

(list of enzymes involved in DNA replication) - enzyme used to position nucleotides during DNA replication

DNA POLYMERASE

(model of DNA replication) - which explains where DNA replication will begin on strand oriented 5’ to 3’

replication will be intiated LEFT of RNA

characteristic of DNA that makes it useful as heredity material

nucleotide bases in one strand can only be paired with specific bases in other strand

explain how some cells of an individual produce & secrete a specific enzyme but other cells do not

cell transcribes and translates different combination of genes leading to the production of different sets of proteins

what most accurately illustrates enzyme mediated synthesis of new DNA at a replication fork?

5’ to 3’ strand top (okazaki fragmented), 3’ to 5’ at bottom (continuous)

(model of pre-mRNA transcribed from a gene) whic of following is closest to the number of amino acids coded by MRNA

265

lactose digestion in ecoli (legend) - what figures depict interactions between lac operon when lactose is NOT utilized?

no lactose attached to repressor protein, no RNA polymerase

(figyure of trp operon) - which of following correctly describes the regulation of TRP operon?

in PRESENCE of trp the repressor is ACTIVE, binds to the TRP operon, preventing RNA polymerase from transcribing

(chart of mRNA codon) - what will result from translation of mRNA molecule shown

Met - val

(model of how product of gene X regulates expression of other genes) - which of the following statements best explains how protein X regulates gene expression

Protein X is responsible for activation transcription of some genes but not others

duchenne MD (pedigree, gel electropherisis) - how dystrophin proyein is synthesized by certain muscle cells of an individual but not others?

presence of diff. transcription factors in diff cell types results in diff gene expression

what describes the effect of a mutation in DNA that encodes a cell’s rRNA

cells ability to properly assemble ribosomes and intiate translation will be reduced

particular gene disorder results from a single change in amino acid. (chart of mRNA codon)

GLU → VAL

which mutation is most likely to cause lactase persistance in humans?

mutation that increases the binding of transcription factors to the promoter of the lactase gene

(gel electrophoresis of dna sequences) - banding patterns of DNA fragments reveal that

the mother cannot be the biological parent of all 3 children

(model of nutrient agar plates) what statement explains why there are fewer colonies on plate IV than on plate III?

not all E.Coli cells are succesfully transformed

(1 table, 1 DNA sequence alignment chart, mRNA codon chart) absorbic acid and GULO gene

NO CHANGE , A PREMATURE STOP CODON

which of the following phylogenetic trees best illustrates the point at which mutation in the GULO gene most likely occured?

betweem human, chimpanzee, and orangutan

which of the following is most close to the frequency of the recessive allele in human population for cystic fibrosis

0.052

(table of percent homology of MEF2A nucleotide sequence) what cladogram is most accurate represenation of data?

going down

which of following piecies of evidence best supports the hypothesis that birds and crocs are more closely related to each other?

skulls of birds and crocs have an opening that is absent in other reptiles