Causes and Effects of Genocides and WWII

Nazi antisemitism, Hitler's racial ideology, economic instability, and scapegoating of Jews.

Holocaust

The Khmer Rouge's radical communist goals to eliminate intellectuals and return to agrarian society.

Cambodian Genocide

Ethnic tension between Hutus and Tutsis, colonial history, and the assassination of the Hutu president.

Rwandan Genocide

Ottoman suspicion of Armenians' loyalty during WWI and Turkish nationalism.

Armenian Genocide

Ethnic conflict after the breakup of Yugoslavia and Serbian campaigns of ethnic cleansing.

Bosnian Genocide

Mass deaths, displacement, trauma, and international calls for human rights protection.

Effects of genocides

Often delayed or limited response; later led to the Genocide Convention and international tribunals.

International community response to genocide

Economic collapse, resentment over Treaty of Versailles, propaganda, and political instability.

Hitler's rise to power

Propaganda, censorship, indoctrination, terror (Gestapo, concentration camps).

Hitler's maintenance of power

It should be emotional, simple, and repetitive for the masses to absorb easily.

Effective propaganda according to Hitler

Stalin: communist purges; Hitler: racial fascism and war; Mussolini: ultranationalist fascism.

Comparison of Stalin, Hitler, and Mussolini

Reparations, inflation, political chaos, and resentment under the Weimar Republic.

Post-WWI issues in Germany

Ultranationalism, authoritarian leadership, and militarism.

First 3 pillars of fascism

Socialism promotes class equality and public ownership; fascism promotes hierarchy and nationalism.

Difference between socialism and fascism

Axis aggression (Germany, Italy, Japan), Treaty of Versailles, and failure of appeasement.

Causes of WWII

Axis shared authoritarian goals; Allies opposed fascism and sought to stop aggression.

Alliances in WWII

Agreement between Stalin and Hitler not to attack each other, with a secret plan to split Poland.

Nonaggression Pact of 1939

After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

U.S. entry into WWII

Took on factory and support roles, symbolized by Rosie the Riveter.

Experience of American women in WWII

[No definition provided in the notes].

Treatment of Mexican, Jewish, and Japanese-American soldiers

A system where the government controls all aspects of life with absolute power.

Totalitarianism

Fascist leader of Italy; allied with Hitler.

Benito Mussolini

Totalitarian leader of the Soviet Union; purges and war leader.

Joseph Stalin

Founder of the Soviet Union; predecessor to Stalin.

Vladimir Lenin

U.S. president during most of WWII.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

U.S. president who authorized atomic bombs.

Harry Truman

British PM known for appeasement of Hitler.

Neville Chamberlain

British PM who led resistance to Nazi Germany.

Winston Churchill

Allied invasion of Normandy, France - major turning point.

D-Day

Air battle between Germany and the UK; UK victory stopped invasion.

Battle of Britain

Major Soviet victory; turning point on the Eastern Front.

Battle of Stalingrad

U.S. naval victory; turning point in the Pacific War.

Battle of Midway

Communism; government controls everything; wanted a classless society

stalin beliefs

Nazism extreme nationalism, racism, (especially antisemitism) believed the Germans were the “master race”

hitler beliefs

Fascism: extreme nationalism, loyalty to the state and leader; anti-communist

mussolini beliefs

Took control after Lenin’s death (1942) by outsmarting rivals in the Communist party.

stalin rise to power

Gained popularity by blaming Germany’s problems on Jews, Communists, and the Treaty of Versailles; appointed by chancellor in 1933

hitler rise to power

Marched on Rome in 1922 with his followers “Blackshirts” ; king made him prime minister

mussolini rise to power

Purged (killed or imprisoned) rivals; used secret police ; controlled media and education

stalin strategies to gain power

Banned all other parties; used the secret police to crush oppositions; massive propaganda campaigns.

hitler strategies to gain power

Ended democracy used propaganda and violence; created a police state but less extreme than Stalins of Hitlers.

mussolini strategies to gain power

Totalitarian communist dictatorship

stalins govt

Totalitarian fascist dictatorship

hitlers govt

Fascist dictatorship( not fully Totalitarian like Hitler or Stalin)

mussolini govt

Greta Purge (Killed millions); mass arrests; forced labor camps (Gulags)

stalin use of violence

Holocaust( murdered 6 million Jews and millions of others); concentration camps

hitlers use of violence

Imprisoned and murdered opponents ; less mass killing compared to Stalin and Hitler.

mussolini use of violence

State controlled economy(Five Year Plans collectivization of farms)

stalins economy

Some private businesses allowed at first, but economy heavily focused on rearming Germany for war.

hitlers economy

State-controlled major industries but allowed some private businesses

musolinis economy

Spread communism

stalins goals

Build empire (“Third Reich”); create a pure Aryan race; conquer Europe

hitlers goals

Make Italy strong and revive the Roman Empires glory

mussolini’s goals

Joined Hitler in WW2 but was overthrown in 1943; Italy switched sides

mussolinis impact

Help defeat Hitler in WW2; later started the Cold war

stalins impact

Started WW2;responsible for the Holocaust and massive destruction in Europe

hitlers impact

What are the first 3 pillars of Fascism?

extreme nationalism, authoritarianism, and militarism

1st pillar, love for the country above everything else, belief that the natkon must be strong, pure and united

extreme nationalism

2nd pillar, a single leader or party controls the government completely. No free elections, no free speech, no opposition allowed.

authoritarianism

3rd pillar, War and fighting are seen as good and necessary to male the nation strong. Fascist believe peace makes a country weak.

militarism

Many countries like Italy and Germany were angry, poor, and unstable. People wanted strong leaders who promised to fix their problems

fascism rise after rise after ww1

They used fear, anger, and pride to gain support, blamed minorities for problems, and used propaganda, violence, and secret police to take full control

how fascists gained power

A system where the government or the people control the economy to create fairness and equality for everyone.

socialism

A system where the nation (or race) is more important than individuals, controlled by a dictator with extreme nationalism and violence.

fascism

Focuses on fairness and equality for everyone.

Can be democratic or authoritarian.

Internationalist (workers of the world unite).

Goal: Share resources and power equally.

socialism

Focuses on national strength and loyalty to a dictator. Always authoritarian. Nationalist (my nation above all others). Goal: Strengthen the nation by controlling the people.

fascism

Both can involve strong government control.

similarity between facism and socialism

Invaded Manchuria (1931) and China (1937).

Wanted resources and land (Asia for Japan).

Japanese aggression Causes of WW2

Invaded Ethiopia (1935) to build a new Roman Empire.

Italian Aggression causes of WW2

Hitler defied the Treaty of Versailles, rebuilt the military, invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia, and demanded more territory

German Aggression causes of WW2

Aggressive nations (Japan, Italy, Germany) expanded without being stopped early by Britain, France, or the League of Nations (appeasement).

overall cause of WW2

due to political and military interests, seeking protection against aggression.

Why each country had the allies

Shared goals: conquer land, expand power, oppose communism

Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan)

Britain and France wanted to stop Nazi Germany.

Soviet Union (Stalin) joined Allies after Germany attacked them in 1941.

U.S. joined after Pearl Harbor to fight the Axis Powers.

China fought Japan after Japanese invasions.

Allied Powers (Britain, France, Soviet Union, U.S., China)

wanted time to prepare for possible war.

Causes of the Nonaggression Pact (Stalin)

 wanted to avoid fighting the Soviet Union while invading Poland.

Causes of the Nonaggression Pact (Hiter)

Germany and the USSR agreed not to attack each other.

Secretly, they divided Eastern Europe between them.

Led directly to WWII — Germany invaded Poland right after.

significance of the Nonaggression Pact

 When did the United States enter the war

December 8, 1941

why did the United States enter the war

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

took factory jobs ("Rosie the Riveter").

Served in military roles (nurses, clerks, pilots).

american women during WW2

Helped fill labor shortages (Bracero Program for farm work).

Served in the military but still faced discrimination.

mexican laborers during WW2

Fought in U.S. military.

Some faced antisemitism at home; many had family suffering in Europe.

Jewish american soldiers during WW2

Over 110,000 forced into internment camps by the U.S. government.

Lost homes, businesses, and rights during the war.

Japanese Americans during WW2

WWII Starts

1939

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941

D-Day

June 6, 1944

Atomic Bombs Who?

U.S. President Harry Truman ordered it

Atomic Bombs When?

August 6, 1945 (Hiroshima)

August 9, 1945 (Nagasaki)

Atomic Bombs Where?

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan

Atomic Bombs Why?

 End war quickly, avoid land invasion of Japan

Antisemitism, Nazi racism, Germany's anger after WWI, powerful propaganda, Hitler’s total control, and fear that kept people from resisting

Holocaust

Khmer Rouge’s desire to purge intellectuals and return to agrarian society

Cambodian

Ethnic tensions between Hutus and Tutsis, colonial legacies, assassination of Hutu president.

Rwandan

Nationalism, suspicion of Armenian loyalty during WWI by Ottoman Empire

Armenian Genocide

Ethnic cleansing by Serbs against Bosniak Muslims, collapse of Yugoslavia

Bosnian