foreign policy and securing teh succesion

Key chronology foreign policy 1509-14

1510-renewal of treaty of etaples

1512-first invasion of France

1513 2nd invasion of France and war against Scotland

1513 sep-battle of flodden

Early foreign policy conflicts with advisors

Fathers advisors wanted a continuation of peace and negotiated renewal of treaty of etaples 1510

BUT Henry commissioned translation of life of warlike predeccesor Henry v

Sent Christopher bainbridge archbishop of York to Rome to persuade pope julius II to enter an alliance against the french- created the holy league (England, Spain Holy Roman Empire, Venice and papacy in anti french alliance)

1512-1513

1512 Henry sent army of 10,000 men to sw France under command of Marquis of Dorset. Achieved nothing used as division army tactic whilst Ferdinand successfully conquered Navarre.

1513 Henry personally led force to NE France. Won the battle of spurs and captured towns of Therouanne and Tournai but Elton calls it a. Futile side show

Sep 1513 Anglo-Scottish battle of Flodden. James in Scotland crossed the border with substantial force but defeated by smaller English army pout together by earl of Surrey. James killed + a lot of Scottish nobility. Leaving infant James v on throne but henry didn’t take advantage of opportunity

Nothing gained from Henry’s military ventures of 1513-war was very costly and Henry forced to liquidate assets inherited from father to pay for it, rumbling about taxation in Yorkshire only just missed turning into full revolt and the renegotiated french pension was lost + tournai eventually sold back to the french for less than the English had payed to rebuild its defences

Wanted to do a further campaign in 1514 but absconded after Ferdinand and Maximilian each made separate peace with France.

Wolsey picked up pieces and renegotiated treaty of etaples and secured marriage alliance between Henry’s younger sister Mary and king of France Louis XII

Key chronology of foreign policy 1514-26

1514-marriage of Louis XII of France and princess Mary

1515 death of Louis XII succeeded by Francis I

1516 death of Ferdinand of Aragon, treaty of Noyon establishing peace between Spain and France

1517 Treaty of Cambrian (establishing peace between HRE and France), Duke of Albany heir presumptive to Scottish throne sent by Francis to Scotland to stir up trouble between Scotland and England

1518 Treaty of London establishing general european peace

1519 King Charles of Spain elected holy roman emperor

1520 field of cloth of gold

1521 treaty of Bruges between England and Charles v

1522 angland at war with France

1525 Charles v victorious over french at battle of Pavia, peace with France

1526, England linked with ant-imperial league of cognac

3 main points of foreign policy 1514-26

1. England remained relatively minor power and couldn’t really compete on level terms of the major powers of France and Spain

2. Henry significantly overestimated English power what was he then had to frame the details of foreign policy based on that false assumption?

3. The auld Alliance between France and Scotland remain Strong consequently when England and France for an Amco terms they tend to be few issues of Anglo Scottish relations but clashes between England and France almost always led to increase tension between England and Scotland

Major consequences of Henry running out of money in 1514 to continue warlike policy

1. Unable to exploit the weaknesses of Scotland following the death of James in at flodden

2. Sought peace with France, reinforced by marriage of sister maragaret to king Louis XII.

Impacts of death of Louis XII

Francis I came to throne

Charismatic and young henry saw him as political and personal rival

Henry tried to seek alliance with Ferdinand but he died in 1516 and successor Charles v sought alliance with french

1517 Charles v and emperor Maximilian agreed treaty of Cambrian with French isolating England

Duke of Albany

Heir presumptive to Scottish throne + member of french nobility

Carles sent him to Scotland and he became regent- Henry + Wolsey saw him as french agent

But threat minimised bc of divisions in Scottish nobility

Treaty of London

1518

Negotiated by Wolsey

Promoted. Pope Leo X wanted a united Christian front against ottoman turks

Wolsey came out as leading European diplomat. Originally peace treaty between England and France expanded into a treaty of perpetual peace. Non agression pact between-England-France-Spain-HRE+smaller states.

As a result Wolsey got appointed Papal legate over england

E/F friendship continued tournai given back and England received its pension back and promised Albany would be kept out of Scotland -France worried about spains rising power, less Wolseys brilliance

Field of cloth of Gold

1520

Two week meeting in June 15 20 between Henry the eighth and Francis the first was in France near Café each king accompanied by large revenue set up a base lavishly decorative pavilion which was used to dining and entertainment estimated that the event cost Henry’s roayl treasury about £15,000

Nothing really achieved and diplomatic terms

Treaty of Bruges

1521

Conflict arose between Francis and Charles

Wolsey negotiated treaty with Charles

Henry’s reasons to side with Charles:could improve relations with pope who was anxious to reduce french control over northern Italy + believed he might gain more territory in France + part of deal was marriage alliance between emperor and henry daughter Mary

English armies invaded n France in 1522/1523. Achieved little but very costly

Parliament reluctantly to grant extraordinary revenue

Battle of pavia

1525

Emperor defeated french

Henry suggested unsuccessfully to Charles they launch a joint invasion of northern France

Consequences: Henry’s ego bruised and forced to back down,resentment towards emperor was reinforced when Charles broke marriage contract with princess mary,Wolseys domestic prestige never really recovered

Fractured Anglo-imperial alliance. Henry supported league of cognac (put together by pope to counterbalance emperors power after winning battle in pavia)

Foreign policy 1527-1540 key chronology

1527- sack of Rome,leaving Pope Clement VII virtual prisoner of emperor + England offer support to France against the HRE/spain at treaty of Amiens

1529-french defeated at Landriano, Peace of Cambrian between France and HRE + fall of Wolsey

1532- defensive alliance between France and England

1533- henry begins break with Rome

1536- renewal of fighting between France and hRE/spain

1538- peace between France and HRE

1539-fear of invasion in England as pope attempts to unite catholic powers in an anti-English crusade

1540-henry marries Anne of cleves marriage quickly dissolved

What did Henry’s failure to resolve the great matter diplomatically show about England position in Europe

England remained relatively minor power in European politics

Which treaty in 1527 saw henry and Wolsey make an anti-imperial alliance with France

Treaty of Amiens

How did Wolsey attempt to pressure the emperor after the treaty of Amiens

By imposing a trade embargo with the Burgundian lands

Result of Wolsey trade embargo on burgundy

Charles v retaliated, causing widespread unemployment and social problems in England forcing Wolsey to back down

Which battle in 1529 demonstrated Charles v’s military strength over France

Battle of landriano

Which treaty In 1529 showed Charles v’s dominance over pope

Peace of Cambrai

Why were Henry’s diplomatic attempts tos cure an annulment doomed to fail by 1529

Bc Charles v military and political dominance especially over pope

Who did henry blame for failure of diplomatic approach to annulment

Wolsey, 1529 fell from power

Peace of cambrai

1529

Required french to give up their ambitions in Italy

Reinforced papacy’s political dependence on emperor

Charles as cathrine of aragons nephew was making his commitment to family honour clear

What alliance fid Henry vii make in 1532 and why was it fragile?

Alliance with France, fragile bc France was also weak and together didn’t put much pressure on empreror

Why did Henry’s french alliance in 1532 quickly lose value

France agreed to marriage between Francis 1 sone henry and the popes niece Catherine de Medici undermining English leverage

What major decision did henry take after the collapse of the french alliance in 1532

Broke with Rome to resolve his great matter

Why were there no immediate repercussions from catholic powers after Henry broke from Rome

Charles v preoccupied with Ottoman Turkish threat to Christian Europe

Which Protestant group did Henry try to ally with after breaking from Rome

League of Schmalkalden

Why did Henry’s allauance with the league of Schmalkalden fail

Mutual mistrust between henry and league

In 1536 why was Henry’s position temporarily improved

1. Death of Catherine of Aragon and execution of Anne Boleyn opened the possibility of renewed alliance with Charles v

2. Renewed fighting between emperor and France reduced danger of englands isolation

What treaty in 1538 weakened Henry’s position again by reconciling between Charles and Francis

Treaty of Nice

What three actions by Pope Paul III in 1538 increased the threat to henry

1. Issued a papal bull deposing henry

2. Absolved English catholics from obedience to Henry

3. Invited France and Scotland to join a catholic crusade against England

Why was the threat from treaty of nice less serious in reality

Francis and Charles did not trust each other and had more pressing priorities

How did perceived catholic threats influence Henry’s 1539 religious policy

passed the six articles act to reassure catholic opinion in England

Why did henry marry Anne of Cleves in 1540

To secure an alliance with the league of Schmalkalden fearing that franci and Charles were conspiring to invade England

Why did Henry’s marriage to Anne of Cleves become politically redundant

Short lived friendship between c and f broke down leaving henry feeling more secure

What area of Ireland did the English authorities control in the early part of Henry viii’s reign

The apple- area surrounding Dublin

Who was the dominant Irish nobleman in Henry’s early reign and what role did he play

Gerald Fitzgerald 9the earl of Kildare both an English courtier and servant of crown and most powerful Gaelic chief

What long standing feud complicated Kildare position

Geraldine butler feud

What event in 1534 narked a major turning point in English rule in Ireland

Kildares dismissal and the rebellion led by his son Thomas Fitzgerald Earl of Ossory

How was the 1534 Thomas Fitzgerald rebellion suppressed

Difficulty + expense

What was Henry’s failed attempt at reforming Irish governance after 1534

Brining in Ireland more directly under English control via an English born deputy and substantial military presence

Why did Ireland become a growing financial drain on the English crown after 1534

Sustaining military presence and facing strong Gaelic resentment

Which two Gaelic nobles invaded the pale in 1539

Con O’Neil and manus O’donnell

What constitutional change did Henry make to Ireland in 1541

Declared Ireland a separate kingdom under the British crown

What reforms were introduced In Ireland in 1541

Imposing English law, creating counties from Gaelic lordships, granting some Gaelic lords peerage titles and giving the Irish the same legal protections as the English

Why did the 1541 Irish reforms fail to fully take effect

Lack of gov resources and no deep Irish loyalty to English crown

How did religion complicate England-Ireland relations after 1534

Differences emerged following the reformation adding to political tensions

English foreign policy 1540-1547 chronology

1542-invasion of Scotland

1543-treaty of Greenwich between England and Scotland + Anglo imperial alliance

1544 invasions of Scotland and France

1545 french counter invasion of Isle of Wight

1546 peace with France

What was the outcome of Englands invasion of Scotland in 1542

Immediate military success Scot’s heavily defeated at the battle of Solway Moss

What weakened scotlands position further after Solway moss

Death of James v shortly after the defeat leaving one week old daughter Mary as heir

Why didn’t Henry fully invade Scotland In 1542 despite its vulnerability

Main interest was invasion of France

What name was given to Henry Scottish policy after 1542

The rough wooing

What was Henry’s main objective in the rough wooing

To marry prince edward to Mary queen of Scot’s

Who was the Scottish regent who initially supported henyr’s marraige plan

Earl of arran

Which English ambassador warned Henry of widespread Scottish suspicion toward his plans

Sir Ralph Sadler

Which treaty in 1543 agreed to the betrothal of Edward and Mary

Treaty of Greenwich

Why did the treaty of Greenwich fail

Earl of Arran deserted English cause and Scot parliament refused to ratify it

How did Henry respond when Scot’s rejected the treaty of Greenwich

Ordered the earl of Hertford to carry out a punitive raid on Edinburgh, Leigh’s dn St Andrews

What are three criticisms of Henry’s Scottish policy after 1542

1. Neglected the chance to secure his aims by military force when Scotland was weak

2. Ignored sadlers warnings about Scottish hostility

3. Hertfordshire raid was retaliatory no strategic planning, further antagonising Scot’s

What alliance did Henry viii make to facilitate his 1544 campaign in France

Alliance with emperor Charles v

What wa shenyr’s main military aim in 1544

Gaining military glory through an invasion of France

Despite his poor health what did henry do in 1544

Personally led his army into France

Why was heny’s 1544 campaign poorly planned

Gave little thought on strategic objectives and committed to marching on Paris which was unrealistic

What were the main actions of the English army in 1544

Operated near Calais, unsuccessfully besieged Montreuil but captured Boulogne

How did the emperor undermine Henry’s ca,Paige in 1544

Made a separate peace with France

What happened in 1545 that worsened Henry’s position

1. France sent reinforcements to Scotland, leading to English defeat at Battle of Ancrum Moor

2. A separate french force leaded on Isle of Wight

3. Henry’s flagship the Mary rose sanki in the Solent

When and how did the 1544-46 war with France end

Treaty of 1546 both sides couldn’t afford to continue fighting

What were the financial consequences of Henry’s final war

Sold much of the crown estate, borrowed heavily, debased coinage causing sig inflation b

Succession issues key chronology

1516 princess Mary born heir presumptive

1532 preganancy of Anne Boleyn

1533 anumlement of marraige of henry + Catherine of Aragon +birth of princess Elizabeth

1534 succession act confirms Elizabeth as heir presumptive/illegitimate’s Mary

1536 death of Catherine of Aragon+execution of Anne Boleyn + marriage of Henry/jane Seymour + succession act repeals the 1534 act, declares Elizabeth illegitimate and lays down that henry can determine the succession by will in the absence of an heir apparent

1537 birth of princess Edward as heir apparent

1544 succession act receives the royal assent reapeals 1536 act, reinstates Elizabeth and Mary as legitimate and reaffirms that henry could determine succession by walk

1546 Henry will confirms the terms of 1544 succession act and lays down that in default of heirs to Edward Mary and Elizabeth, the succession should pass to heirs of his sister Mary

What was the outcome of Henry’s marriage with Catherine of Aragon regarding children

Two sons one stillborn one died at 7 weeks, several miscarriages and one surviving daughter Mary born 1516

Why did henry believe god was punishing him for his marriage to Catherine e

Had no healthy male heir. Married against canon law

When did henry marry Anne Boleyn

Jan 1533

Who was born to Anne Boleyn and when

Elizabeth 7 sep 1533

What did the succession act if 1534 declare

Confirmed Elizabeth as heir and declared Mary illegitimate

What happened after Anne Boleyn miscarried twice more

Henry viewed it as divine punishment , Anne executed for treason in 1536

What did the succession act of 1536 state

Declared Elizabeth illegitimate and gave henry power to determine succession by will or letters patent

Who was Henry’s illegitimate son he considered for the throne

Henry Fitzroy Duke of Richmond

When was Edward born

1537

Why was Edward’s future succession cause for concern

Henrys health made it likely Edward would still be a minor when he became king

What did the succession act of 1543/44 do

Restored Mary and Elizabeth to the succession and reaffirmed Henry’s right to decide succession by will or letters patent

What did Henry’s will of 30 dec 1546 confirm

Edward then Mary and Elizabeth in succession. Next in line descendants of sister Mary Duchess of Suffolk, regency council for Edward’s minority