Studied by 3 people5 themes of geography
location, region, place, movement, human environment interaction
location
relative (in relation to something else) and absolute (exact location using latitude and longitude)
region
physical and human characteristics about an area that unite it/make it different
place
physical, human, and climate characteristics that make up an area
movement
movement of goods, people, and ideas from one place to another
human environment interaction
how humans respond to, modify, and adapt to the environment
equator
imaginary line drawn around the Earth that is equidistant from both poles, that divides the Earth into 2 hemispheres
latitude
how far north or south something is from the equator
longitude
how far east or west something is from the equator
prime meridian
the Earth’s 0 of longitude, diving the earth into eastern and western hemispheres
map projections
the representation on a plane surface of any part of the Earth, or of a celestial sphere
political map
a map that shows national and state boundaries, capitals, and major cities
physical map
map that shows the physical features of an area, such as mountains, rivers, and lakes
infographic map
conveys information based on visual format that people can easily read, understand, and use
thematic map
portrays geographic pattern of theme in geographic area
continental drift
gradual movement of continents across Earth’s surface through geological time
demography
study of people (statistics about factors of human population)
population density
average number of people who live in a measurable area
birthrate
number of live births per total population
infant mortality rate
number of deaths among infants below age 1
immigration
movement of people into a foreign country
emigration
movement of people out of their home country
push factors
factors that push people out of their home country
pull factors
factors that pull people to a certain locations
urbanization
dramatic increase in the number of cities and changes in lifestyle that result
rural
countryside
urban
city
generation gap
difference of views/opinions of people of different generations
wealth gap
unequal distribution of wealth among citizens
unitary system
one person/unit has all of the power
federal system
power is divided into branches
confederation
political power is held by a group united in an alliance
sovereign (state)
authority of state to govern/rule itself
authoritarian
form of government with strong central power and limited political freedom
dictatorship
form of government where power is held by one person
totalitarianism
form of government absolute control is held by the state and influences all aspects of political and social life
monarchy
gorm of government where a king, queen, or sovereign is in charge
constitutional monarchy
form of government in which governing powers are limited by the constitution
democracy
form of government where a political figure is elected by the people
capitalism
economic system where a country’s trade and industry are controlled mostly by private owners for profit rather than the state
communism
government holds nearly all the political power and means of production and each person works and is paid according to needs and abilities
Karl Marx
father of communism
socialism
means of distribution, production, and exchange are owned and regulated by the community as a whole
infrastructure
basic support system needed to keep an economy running
natural resources
materials from nature that can be used for economical gain
renewable resources
energy sources that can naturally replenish as quickly as they are consumed
nonrenewable resources
resources of economic value that cannot be readily replenished by natural means at a quick enough pace to keep up with consumption
fossil fuels
fuel from burning the remains of dead plants or animals
nuclear energy
use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity
geothermal energy
thermal energy from the Earth’s core
solar energy
energy obtained from the sun
manufacturing
making products on a large scale using machinery
developed countries
sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to lesser states
developing country
poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially
gross domestic product (GDP)
value of goods and services produced within a country during a period of time
GDP per capita
GDP divided by number of citizens
subsistence farming
farming in which a family or community only produces the resources they need
commercial farming
production of crops and livestock done entirely for sale/profit
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