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carbon electronegativity value
2.5
hydrogen electronegativity value
2.1
oxygen electronegativity value
3.5
phosphorus electronegativity value
2.1
nitrogen electronegativity value
3.1
sulfur electronegativity value
2.4
fluorine electronegativity value
4.0
non polar covalent range
0-0.4
polar covalent range
0.5-1.8
ionic bond range
1.9 or more
Requirements for hydrogen bonds
◦ A molecule with a H with a δ+ can donate a hydrogen bond.
◦ Another molecule with a δ- can accept a hydrogen bond
carbohydrates
always have C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio
nucleic acids
always have C, H, O, P, N
contain phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and 5-carbon sugar
proteins
always have C, H, O, N
might contain sulfur
ends of protein have COOH and amine
lipids
always have C and H
might contain O, P, S, N