Synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

Synaptic plasticity

the ability of synaptic connections to change over time in response to an activity or experience.

Sprouting

is the ability of dendrites or axons to develop new extensions.

Rerouting

Ability of a neuron that is connected to a damaged neuron to create and alternative synaptic connection (or pathway) with an undamaged neuron.

Pruning

The elimination of synaptic connections that are not adequately activated or used.

Neurochemicals

chemical substances that convey neural information within the nervous system via synaptic transmission.​

Neurotransmitters

chemical substances produced by a neuron that carry a message to other neurons or cells in muscles, organs or other tissue. They allow rapid communication within the nervous system

Neuromodulators

chemical molecules that has an effect on multiple postsynaptic neurons. They have widespread & long-lasting modulatory effects as they can influence large areas of brain tissue

Dopamine

A neuromodulator that can be either excitatory or inhibitory, playing a role in reward, motivation and smooth controlled muscle movements

Serotonin

A neuromodulator that has an inhibitory effect on the post-synaptic neuron. It is responsible for the regulation of mood and sleep.

Glutamate

A neurotransmitter that has a excitatory effect on the post-synaptic neuron (when binds). Plays a role in learning.

GABA

A neurotransmitter that has a inhibitory effect on the post-synaptic neuron (when binds). Regulates the sleep-wake cycle and the stress response.

Long-term potentiation

repeated high intensity coactivation of the post-synaptic neuron which leads to long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections.

Long-term depression

the repeated low intensity stimulation of the neural pathway which leads to long-lasting weakening of synaptic connections