SHS: Lab One

Abduction

The movement of vocal folds away from the midline

Adduction

The movement of vocal folds toward the midline

Laryngeal Airway Resistance

The opposition provided by the larynx to the mass flow of air through it

Vocal fold abduction/adduction

The main contributor to glottal size and configuration

Longitudinal tension exerted by the cricothyroid muscles and activation of the muscles within the vocal folds (thyroarytenoid muscles)

The major contributors to vocal fold stiffness

VII (7)/ X (Vagus)

The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by

• Degree of coupling between the trachea and the pharynx

• Protection of the pulmonary airways

• Containment of the pulmonary air supply

• Sound generation

Functions of laryngeal functions

Separate at the bottom first and return to the midline at the bottom first (Also called “vertical phase difference” or Mucosal wave)

The medial surfaces of the vocal folds…

The rate of vocal fold vibration (expressed in Hertz, Hz, cycles/second), perceived as pitch. (The measurement of sound)

Fundamental Frequency

Vocal fold stiffness and their effective vibrating mass; the stiffer the vocal the higher the rate at which they vibrate. (Shorter movements)

Fundamental frequency is determined by…

A measure of the acoustic signal (in decibels, dB), perceived as loudness.

Sound Pressure Level (SPL)

Fundamental frequency - Sound pressure level composition

Spectrum

Laryngeal voice source and the “filter” that shapes it

Voice quality is dependent on…

Eight

• Temporal (two)

• Parietal (two)

• Occipital (one)

• Frontal (one)

• Sphenoid (one)

• Ethmoid (one)

There are _____ cranial bones…

14

• Maxillary (two)

• Palatine (two)

• Vomer (one)

• Inferior nasal conchae (two)

• Lacrimal (two)

• Nasal (two)

• Zygomatic (two)

• Mandible (one)

There are ______ facial bones…

8

• Frontal sinus

• Ethmoidal

• Maxillary

• Nasal passage

• Superior nasal concha

• Middle nasal concha

• Inferior nasal concha

There are _______ sinuses

• Nasopharymx

• Oropharynx

• Laryngopharynx

The three cavities of the pharynx…

Two champers of the nasal cavity

The septum (Cartilage) separates…

• Recoil of muscles, cartilages, and connective tissues

• Surface tension

• Gravity

• Aeromechanical forces

Name passive forces of the velopharynx

• Muscles of the pharynx

• Muscles of the velum

• Muscles of the outer nose

Name active forces of the velopharynx

Superior, Middle, and Inferior

The sections of the constrictor muscles…

Thyropharyngeus (upper) and cricopharyngeus (lower) muscles

The inferior constitutor contains….

Swallowing by constricting the pharyngeal tube; by pulling pharyngeal walls inward and forward to constrict the pharyngeal tube

The main function for the constrictor muscles…

Constricts the pharynx

The superior constrictor…

Constricts the pharynx

The middle constrictor

Constricts the pharynx

The inferior constrictor…

Constricts and raises the pharynx

The salpingopharyngeus…

Widens and raises the pharynx

The stylopharyngeus…

Constricts and raises the pharynx

The palatopharyngeus…

Pulls the velum upward and backwards

The palatal levator…

Pulls the velum upward and shortens and increases the bulk of velum

The uvulus…

Pulls the velum downward and upward

The glossopalatine

Pulls the velum backward and forward

The pharyngopalatine…

Clavicles and scapulae

Components of the pectoral girdle

Coxal, sacral, and coccygeal (Vertebrae)

Components of the pelvic girdle

Lungs and airways

Pulmonary apparatus is…

Rib cage wall, abdominal wall, diaphragm, and abdominal content

Chest wall is…

Alveoli

Gas exchange occurs in….

Inner chest wall covered by thing membrane

The parietal pleura is…

Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum, and pectoral girdle

Rib cage wall consists…

Floor of the thorax

The diaphragm forms…

• Natural recoil of muscles, cartilages, ligaments, and lung tissue

• Surface tension of the alveoli

• Pull of gravity

What are passive forces of breathing apparatus….

Rib cage wall muscles, diaphragm, muscle, abdominal wall muscles

What are active forces of breathing apparatus….

Alveolar pressure

Pressure most important for speech production that is inside the lungs…

• Pulls downward on the central tendon to enlarge the thorax vertically (flattened)

  and/or

• Elevates the lower six ribs to enlarge the thorax circumferentially (Domed)

Movements of the diaphragm…

• Lung volume

• Alveolar pressure

• Chest wall shape

Variables of breathing….

Size of the breathing apparatus

Breathings relation to volume…

Volume of air in the pulmonary apparatus after a maximum inspiration

Total lung capacity is…

Sum of all passive and active forces operating on the breathing apparatus

Alveolar pressure represents…

Inversely related when the breathing apparatus is closed (Boyle’s Law)

Lung volume and alveolar pressure are…

Cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid

The laryngeal joints are…

*Rotating and gliding

The cricothyroid joints motions are…

*Rocking and gliding

The cricoarytenoid joints motions are…

• Epithelium: squamous cells
• Superficial lamina propria: a few elastic
fibers; also called Reinke’s space
• Intermediate lamina propria: many elastic
fibers
• Deep lamina propria: many collagenous
fibers
• Muscle: muscle fibers (thyrovocalis)

Layers of the vocal folds are…

Both inside the larynx

Intrinsic ligaments and membranes connect…

One attachment inside the larynx and one outside the larynx

Extrinsic ligaments and membranes connect…

Both attachments outside the larynx; actions influence the larynx through the hyoid bone

Supplementary ligaments and membranes connect…

…

Infrahyoid and suprahyoid > Supplementary

• Recoil of muscles, cartilages, and connective tissues

• Surface tension

• Gravity

The passive forces for laryngeal forces…

• Intrinsic muscles

• Extrinsic muscles

• Supplementary muscles

The active forces for laryngeal forces…

Internal (thyrovocalis) and external (thyromuscularis) thyroarytenoids

Parts of the thyroarytenoid…

Originates below the hyoid bone

Infrahyoid means…

Originates above the hyoid bone

Suprahyoid means

Diaphragm

Inspiratory

Sternocleidomastoid breaths…

Inspiratory

Scalenus anterior, medius, and posterior breathes…

Inspiratory

Pectoralis major breathes…

Inspiratory

Pectoralis minor breathes…

Inspiratory

Subclavius breathes…

Inspiratory

Serratus anterior breathes…

Inspiratory

External intercostals breathes…

Expiratory

Internal intercostals (between ribs) breathes…

Inspiratory

Internal intercostals (between costal cartilages) breathes…

Expiratory

Transversus thoracis breathes…

Both inspiratory and expiratory

Latissimus dorsi breathes…

Expiratory

Serratus posterior inferior breathes…

Inspiratory

Lateral iliocostalis cervicis breathes…

Expiratory

Lateral iliocostalis lumborum breathes…

Both inspiratory and expiratory

Lateral iliocostalis thoracis breathes…

Inspiratory

Levatores costarum breathes…

Expiratory

Quadratus lumborum breathes…

Expiratory

Subcostals breathes…

Inspiratory

Diaphragm breathes…

Expiratory

Rectus abdominis breathes…

Expiratory

External oblique breathes…

Expiratory

Internal oblique breathes…

Expiratory

Transversus abdominis breathes…

Shortening, tensing, and abducting the vocal folds

Thyroarytenoid muscles influence the vocal folds by…

Lengthening and abducting vocal folds

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles influence the vocal folds by…

Adducts/compresses vocal folds

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles influence the vocal folds by…

Adducts/compresses vocal folds

Arytenoid muscles influence the vocal folds by…

Tenses and lengthens vocal folds

Cricothyroid muscles influence the vocal folds by…

Downward and forward movements in housing

Sternothyroid muscles influence the housing by…

Upward and downward movements in housing

Thyrohyoid muscles influence the housing by…

Downward movements in housing

Sternohyoid muscles influence the housing by…