Introduction to Health Education and Promotion Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering key definitions, theories, models, historical events, and principles of Health Education and Promotion (IHPE).

Health (WHO, 1984)

A state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Determinants of Health

Factors that hinder or facilitate improvement in health status of an individual or population groups.

Public Health (Winslow, 1920)

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts.

Public Health (Hanlon)

A discipline dedicated to the common attainment of the highest level of physical, mental and social well-being and longevity consistent with available knowledge and resources at a given time and place.

Public Health (Purdom)

A discipline prioritizing the survival of the human species, prevention of conditions causing functional destruction, achievement of human potential, and improvement of quality of life in later years.

Community Health

A part of paramedical and medical intervention or approach concerned with the health of the whole population and the study and betterment of health characteristics of biological communities.

Health Education

Any combination of learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary adoption of behavior conducive to health.

Health Literacy

The capacity of an individual to obtain, interpret, and understand basic health information and services and the competence to use such information and services in ways that are health enhancing.

Fundamental Literacy/Numeracy

A domain of health literacy involving competence in understanding and using printed language, spoken language, numerals, and basic mathematical symbols or terms.

Science and Technology Literacy

A domain of health literacy involving understanding basic scientific and technological concepts, technical complexity, scientific uncertainty, and rapid change.

Community/Civic Literacy

A domain of health literacy regarding understanding sources of information, agendas, and methods of interpreting those agendas to enable engagement in dialogue and decision making.

Cultural Literacy

A domain of health literacy focused on understanding collective beliefs, customs, worldviews, and social identity relationships to interpret and produce health information.

Four Major Tasks of Medicine (Sigerist, 1945)

1. Promotion of health, 2. Prevention of illness, 3. Restoration of the sick, and 4. Rehabilitation.

Health Promotion (Green & Kreuter, 2005)

Any planned combination of educational, political, regulatory and organizational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups or communities.

Health Promotion (WHO, 1998)

The process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health.

Behavior Change Philosophy

A health education philosophy focused on establishing measurable objectives to foster lifestyle modifications in individuals.

Cognitive-Based Philosophy

A philosophy focusing on increasing knowledge and content so that individuals can make informed decisions regarding their health.

Decision-Making Philosophy

A philosophy emphasizing the use of simulations, case studies, or scenarios to develop systematic problem-solving and decision-making skills.

Freeing/Functioning Philosophy

A philosophy focused on freeing people to make the best health decisions based on their personal needs and interests rather than societal expectations.

Social Change Philosophy

A philosophy emphasizing creating social, economic, and political changes that benefit the overall health of individuals and groups.

Ottawa Charter (1986)

The charter created at the 1st International Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa, Canada, establishing five key action areas for health promotion.

Adelaide Recommendations (1988)

Recommendations from the 2nd International Conference on Health Promotion in Australia focusing on building healthy public policy and health equity.

Sundsvall Statement (1991)

A statement from the 3rd International Conference on Health Promotion in Sweden establishing the concept of supportive environments conducive to sustainable health development.

Jakarta Declaration (1997)

The declaration from the 4th International Conference on Health Promotion in Indonesia; the first to involve the private sector and address 21st-century globalization.

Mexico Ministerial Statement (2000)

A statement from the 5th International Conference on Health Promotion establishing high-level political commitment to position health promotion higher on political agendas.

Bangkok Charter (2005)

A charter from the 6th International Conference on Health Promotion identifying actions, commitments, and pledges needed to address health determinants in a globalized world.

Nairobi Call to Action (2009)

An outcome of the 7th International Conference on Health Promotion in Kenya addressing non-communicable diseases, pandemics, and progress gaps of the Bangkok Charter.

Department of Health (DOH)

The national health authority, policy-making body, regulatory body, and co-provider of specific tertiary health services in the Philippines.

Primary Level Healthcare Facility

Devolved health care facilities (such as Rural Health Units and Barangay Health Stations) providing first-contact health services by health workers, physicians, nurses, and midwives.

Secondary Level Healthcare Facility

Health care facilities (such as infirmaries and municipal/district hospitals) rendered by physicians with basic training, serving as referral centers capable of minor surgeries and basic lab exams.

Tertiary Level Healthcare Facility

Specialized referral facilities (such as regional hospitals and national medical centers) providing complex care, intensive care, and expert specialist services.

Primary Prevention

Interventions seeking to prevent disease or health conditions at a pre-pathologic state by encouraging optimal health and specific protection (e.g., immunizations, lifestyle modifications).

Secondary Prevention

Health maintenance measures seeking early diagnosis, screening, and prompt treatment to identify illness at an early stage and prevent disability (e.g., PAP smear, BSE).

Tertiary Prevention

Interventions implemented after disease or disability has occurred to halt progress, optimize recovery, and establish high-level wellness (e.g., cardiac rehab, post-stroke physical therapy).

Coercion Approach

The use of laws, regulations, legal sanctions, and pricing to force people to act in a particular health-related way even if unwilling.

Persuasion Approach

An approach seeking to influence individuals to adopt specific health actions while respecting their right to decline.

Health Empowerment Approach

An approach focusing on developing decision-making skills and confidence so that the individual or community retains control over adopted health actions.

Unani Tibb

A modern system of medicine originating from Greek medicine developed during Arab civilization, recognized as part of India's national healthcare system.

Ayurveda

Meaning 'Science of Life', an ancient Indian holistic healthcare system practiced since 12th Century BC aimed at physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being.

Hiyang

A traditional Filipino medical concept relating to individual compatibility with food, treatments, people, or ideas.

Health Protection Era

The historical era lasting until the 1830s that relied on religious rules, spiritual practices, community taboos, and quarantines to manage illness.

Sanitary Control Era

The era between 1840 and 1870 following the Industrial Revolution when modern epidemiological methods were first used to address filthy working and living conditions.

Contagion Control Era

The period between the 1880s and 1930s following Robert Koch's germ theory work, focusing on infectious diseases through vaccination and water filtration.

Preventive Medicine Era

The era between 1940 and 1960 marked by an understanding of disease vectors, clinical pathology, and nutritional deficiencies.

Primary Healthcare Era

The period from 1970 to 1980 emphasizing preventive health care, equity, community participation, and the social determinants of health.

Health Promotion Era

The era starting in the 1990s focusing on advocacy, economic and political interventions, creating supportive environments, and personal skill development.

Lalonde Report (1974)

The authoritative policy document titled 'A new perspective on the health of Canadians' by Marc Lalonde that formally identified health promotion as a key strategy.

Alma Ata Declaration (1978)

The WHO declaration for Primary Health Care recognized as the origin of global health promotion concepts and frameworks.

Social Capital

Features of social organization such as networks, norms, and trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual health benefits.

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

A form of learning where a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

An object or event that naturally and automatically triggers a reflexive response without prior learning.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.

Law of Exercise (Thorndike)

The principle stating that the more frequently a stimulus-response connection is repeated and used, the stronger the association becomes.

Law of Effect (Thorndike)

The principle stating that responses accompanied by pleasant feedback (rewards) tend to be repeated, while those followed by unpleasant outcomes tend to be avoided.

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

A learning theory asserting that actions followed by positive or negative reinforcement are strengthened and more likely to recur.

Positive Reinforcer

A favorable stimulus or reward presented after a desired behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

Negative Reinforcer

The removal of an unpleasant or undesired stimulus following a behavior, which strengthens the probability of that behavior recurring.

Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura)

A theory proposing that individuals acquire behaviors and knowledge by observing, modeling, and imitating others within a social environment.

Reciprocal Determinism

The core concept in Bandura's theory stating that personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior continuously interact and sway one another.

Cognitive Mapping (Tolman)

The internal mental representation ('brain code' or map) formed by organisms to reconstruct spatial arrangements and navigate physical environments.

Two-Step Flow Theory (Katz & Lazarsfeld)

A communication theory stating that mass media messages are first acquired by community opinion leaders who subsequently influence others via interpersonal relationships.

Diffusion Process

A 5-step adoption process comprising Awareness, Interest, Evaluation, Trial, and Adoption.

Innovators

The initial group of adopters who are risk-taking, independent, and quick to embrace new practices.

Early Adopters

Adopters who typically serve as opinion leaders and exert high influence over potential adopters.

Laggards and Late Adopters

Individuals who are hesitant or adamant not to adopt an innovation even after its clear benefits have been widely established.

Health Belief Model (HBM)

A behavioral health model developed by Hochbaum and Rosenstock in the 1950s asserting that health actions depend on individual perceptions of threat, benefits, and barriers.

Theory of Reasoned Action

A cognitive model proposing that voluntary behavior is directly driven by behavioral intention, which stems from personal attitudes and subjective norms.

Behavioral Intention

An individual's explicit plan or likelihood to execute a specific behavior, identified as the best predictor of actual behavior.

Theory of Planned Behavior

An extension of the Theory of Reasoned Action that adds the construct of Perceived Behavioral Control to account for non-volitional factors.

Perceived Behavioral Control

An individual's perception of how easy or difficult executing a specific behavior will be based on control beliefs and perceived power.

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

An integrative biopsychosocial model by Prochaska and DiClemente that conceptualizes health behavior modification across six distinct stages of change.

Pre-contemplation Stage

The initial TTM stage where an individual has no intent to change behavior in the foreseeable future ('ignorance is bliss').

Contemplation Stage

The TTM stage where an individual acknowledges a health problem and considers changing within six months, but experiences ambivalence ('sitting on the fence').

Preparation Stage

The TTM stage where an individual intends to take action within the next month and begins testing small initial steps ('testing the waters').

Action Stage

The TTM stage characterized by actively modifying lifestyle and practicing the new behavior for a duration of 3 to 6 months.

Maintenance Stage

The TTM stage focused on sustaining new behaviors and preventing relapse over a period ranging from 6 months to 5 years.

Perceived Susceptibility

An HBM construct referring to a person's belief regarding their personal likelihood of contracting a disease or health condition.

Perceived Severity

An HBM construct referring to a person's opinion of how serious a health condition and its clinical/social consequences are.

Perceived Benefits

An HBM construct describing an individual's evaluation of how effective an advised health action will be in reducing risk or severity.

Perceived Barriers

An HBM construct representing the perceived negative aspects, costs, or obstacles associated with taking a recommended health action.

Cues to Action

Internal or external triggers (e.g., media campaigns, advice, symptoms) that activate readiness and prompt individual behavior change.

Compliance (Kelman)

A social influence process occurring when an individual adopts a behavior to gain rewards or avoid punishment from an authority figure.

Identification (Kelman)

A social influence process where behavior modification occurs to establish or maintain a satisfying self-defining relationship with another person or group.

Internalization (Kelman)

A social influence process where a person adopts a behavior because it is congruent with their internal value system and intrinsically rewarding.

Theory of Dissonance (Festinger)

A psychological theory stating that holding conflicting beliefs or behavior creates cognitive discomfort, motivating the person to align their internal or external environment.

Socio-Ecological Model (SEM)

A framework evaluating the complex interplay between individual, relationship, community, and societal factors in health decision-making.

Empirical-Rational Strategy

A social change strategy based on the premise that people are rational and will accept change if it is logically justified and demonstrated as beneficial.

Normative-Reeducative Strategy

A social change strategy aimed at altering societal and cultural norms, values, and social relationships to prompt behavior change.

Power-Coercive Strategy

A social change strategy relying on the exertion of economic, political, or moral power to mandate compliance.

Community Engagement

The process of working collaboratively with groups connected by geography, special interest, or shared situations to address population well-being.

G-A-T-H-E-R Approach

A 6-step framework for health counseling: Greet, Ask/Assess, Tell, Help, Explain, and Return/Refer.

Pre-testing

The step in developing communication materials where prototype resources are tested with target groups to evaluate clarity, appeal, cultural appropriateness, and acceptability.