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recognized for his deep connection with the suffering inherent in the human experience and for viewing it as a means of spiritual growth and connection with God. He had a particular compassion for individuals with disabilities, which greatly influenced attitudes towards them in his time.
Jewish physician who wrote medical texts on physical and mental health. Jewish physician and philosopher who made significant contributions to medicine and wrote influential texts on both physical and mental health
designed some of the earliest mechanical prosthetic limbs that could bend at the joints. His prosthetic hands and legs included hinges, springs, and locking mechanisms, allowing for movement.
This difference influenced how people were treated—those born with disabilities were sometimes pushed to the margins or thought to be “destined” for a certain role, while those who became disabled later had to fight for inclusion or prove their continued value to society.
if a person who was enslaved tried to run away or escape, it meant they had a "disease”. They believed this meant something was wrong with their mind, just because they wanted to be free.
a way people thought they could help someone feel more connected to something bigger or more powerful, like God or the universe.n, often involving rituals or practices that aimed to elevate one's spiritual or emotional state.
Studied concerning hearing impairments. Why people are thought to have hearing loss
Medieval music theory connected to medical treatments.cosmic harmony that governed the universe, and it was believed to be independent of human sensory experience.
is a type of healing based on the teachings and sayings (hadiths) of the Prophet Muhammad. In disability history, it played an important role in shaping how Muslim societies understood and treated illness and disability.
A long time ago, in a place called Italy, people believed that if one of these women got sick or had a hard time thinking clearly, it wasn’t just a regular sickness—it was a special test from God. Instead of doctors helping them get better, people thought these women were supposed to be patient and strong because that was part of their job. This idea made it harder for them to ask for help, but at the same time, it gave them a special place in the group. They were seen as important for their suffering, but they also had less freedom to make their own choices. In the end, this way of thinking made sure that women had to follow strict rules and listen to the men in charge.
people thought about men with disabilities a long time ago. Men were expected to be strong, tough, and able to do things on their own, like work and protect their families. But if a man had a disability, especially from something like a war injury, people thought that he wasn’t a "real" man because he couldn’t do those strong things anymore.
This made things harder for men with disabilities. They couldn’t get jobs, couldn’t fight in wars, or sometimes even be part of their family like they were supposed to. It was different for women because people thought women’s disabilities were just about being weak or needing help, but for men, it was about not being able to do things that were expected of them. So, men with disabilities often felt left out or treated unfairly.
A long time ago, people believed that women who acted differently or questioned church rules were "sick" in their minds. This article talks about how, instead of listening to these women, people would say they were "crazy" or "hysterical" just because they didn’t follow the rules. This made it easy to keep them out of important parts of society, like church, school, or even making decisions for themselves. Back then, if a woman didn’t act the way people thought she should—like being quiet, obedient, or religious—she might be told she had a mental problem, even if she was completely fine. People in charge, like church leaders or doctors, used this as a way to control women and stop them from speaking up. Instead of helping them, they were often pushed aside or treated unfairly. This way of thinking made life harder for women because it meant that their struggles weren’t taken seriously. Instead of seeing their health problems as real medical issues, people thought they were being "bad" or "sinful." This idea helped keep power in the hands of men, making sure women had less freedom and less say in important decisions.
A long time ago, in the Ottoman Arab world, people thought that being blind was a special kind of disability. Unlike in some parts of Europe, where blind people were often treated badly, in Islamic societies, blind people were respected and could become teachers, poets, or religious leaders. Many Muslims believed that being blind was a test from God, and if someone was patient, they would get special rewards in the afterlife. A scholar named ‘Ali al-Qari even wrote a book to comfort blind people, reminding them that their blindness didn’t make them less important. Blindness was common because of eye diseases like trachoma, so it wasn’t seen as strange. Instead of being pushed aside, blind people were fully included in society and could still take part in important jobs, religion, and learning.
A long time ago, in England, many Protestant churches believed that listening to sermons (church talks) was the most important way to learn about God and be saved. But this made people wonder—what about deaf people who couldn’t hear the sermons?Some church leaders thought that because the Bible said “faith comes by hearing,” deaf people might have a harder time going to heaven. But others, like Anton Deusing, believed this wasn’t fair and said deaf people shouldn’t be left out just because they couldn’t hear. To help, some ministers started using hand gestures and writing to teach deaf people about God. Over time, some even began to see sign language as a real way to talk about faith, making sure deaf people could still be part of church life and not be excluded from salvation.
A long time ago, in colonial New England, some people who couldn’t hear or talk were still able to be part of church life. Even though they couldn’t hear the preacher or speak like others, they could still show they believed in God and understood the church teachings. They used sign language (like using their hands to talk) or writing to explain what they believed.
The church leaders thought that just because someone couldn’t hear or speak didn’t mean they couldn’t have faith. They believed that sign language and writing were good ways for people to show their love for God and be part of the church. They even said that these ways of talking were just as good as speaking aloud.
famous people like Luther agreed that people who couldn't hear or talk should still be able to join in the church activities like communion. He thought that how we talk to God can be different for everyone, but it still counts the same. So, even if someone couldn’t hear or speak, they could still be part of the church and show their faith in their own way.
A long time ago, in places where people were forced to work as slaves, being sick or injured often meant they were treated even worse. Slave owners only cared about whether someone was strong enough to work, not about their health or feelings.Doctors and slave owners worked together to decide if an enslaved person was "healthy" based on how much work they could do. If someone was hurt or sick, they were seen as less valuable. But sometimes, enslaved people pretended to be more hurt than they really were so they could rest, avoid hard work, or even try to escape.The medical care enslaved people got wasn’t really to help them—it was just to keep them working. Doctors in the South often helped keep slavery going by deciding who was "fit" to work, instead of treating them like real patients who deserved care.
A long time ago, in the Caribbean, people were forced to work as slaves. If they got hurt or sick and couldn’t work anymore, they were seen as not useful and were often treated very badly. Slave owners kept records of who was strong and who wasn’t, making people with injuries or disabilities seem less important. Sometimes, if someone couldn’t work, they were left to die or forced to go away. This made it seem like a person’s value was only based on how much work they could do, instead of them being important just because they were a person. Slavery itself made many people disabled because the work was too hard, they weren’t given enough food, and they were often hurt on purpose. This shows that disability and race were connected—enslaved people were treated unfairly both because of their skin color and because they were judged by how strong or healthy they were.
