COM114 Purdue Test Out Review

Clincher

The final remark that you will make to your audience

Introduction

Capture the attention of your audience

makes up 10% of the entire speech

Body

Supporting evidence and research

makes up 85% of the entire speech

Conclusion

Restate the thesis

makes up 5% of the entire speech

Asked Question I Don't Know the Answer to

Be honest. You may ask if someone in the audience knows the answer or get back to them once you've located the information. Make sure you contact them or else this could affect your credibility

How Should I Answer the Questions Asked

Keep the answers concise and direct

Transitions

Words phrases or sentences that show the relationship between ideas in your presentation and allow listeners to follow you easily

Main Points

Important topics to the purpose of the speech

Subpoints

Build up support and explain the main points of the speech

Sub-subpoints

Build up support and explain the subpoints within the speech

Equal Support

The ideas that support your main points should be held at equal value

Coordination

The ideas at the same level of importance should use the same series of symbols and have the same indentation

Enhance Credibility

Experiences qualifications or educational background

Cannot Enhance Credibility

Offending your audience while making your credibility statement

Ethos

Appeal that is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader

the extent to which the audience trusts you

Logos

Appeal that is a way of persuading an audience by reason

inductive and deductive reasoning

Pathos

Appeal that is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response

Informatory Presentation

Seeks to create awareness of the part of an audience regarding a specific issue

Explanatory Presentation

Seeks to deepen the audience's understanding

goes beyond making the audience aware of a particular phenomenon and actually creates understanding

Why Are Visual Aids Important

Increases clarity and retention

Why Are Visual Aids Used by a Speaker

The audience's ability to process the information and understand the presented material is greatly enhanced

Pie Chart

Used when comparing parts of a whole or percentages of the total

Bar Chart

Used when making comparisons among different types of items to allow for easy visual ranking across items in a category

Line Chart

Used for comparing changes over time in a set of data to examine trends

Straw Person Fallacy

When someone ignores or misrepresents a person's actual position and substitutes a weaker distorted or misrepresented version of that position

Red Herring

Fallacy where an irrelevant topic is inserted into the discussion to divert attention away from the real issue

Slippery Slope

Fallacy that asserts that some action will inevitably lead to a chain of events that will end in a certain result

Ad Hominem

Fallacy where irrelevant personal attacks are made against a person or group instead of against the argument the person supports

False Analogy

Fallacy where one incorrectly assumes that since two things are alike in one or more respects

Directional

Transitional phrases that let your audience know that you are moving away from one idea and on to another

Signpost

Transitions that mark the exact location in the speech

examples include first second and lastly

Internal Preview

Transitions that preview material within the body of the presentation or even within a main point

Internal Summary

Transitions that remind the audience of what was just covered

Inoculation Theory

A theory that in refuting an argument those receiving the supporting argument are better able to resist later arguments challenging the truism

Vocal Variety

Modifying the volume rate pitch and use of pauses in a presentation

Eye Contact

Ensures that our presentation remains conversational and that members of the audience feel that we are addressing each of them individually

Spatial

Pattern that demonstrates the relationship between your material geographically or directionally

Chronological

Pattern that arranges material in an ordered sequence following a timeline

Problem-Solution

Pattern that demonstrates that there is a problem and then centers on explaining a workable solution to the problem

Topical

Pattern that subdivides a topic into a set of main points or subtopics that are logical and consistent

Casual

Pattern that establishes a cause-effect relationship between two variables or events

News Presentation

Presentation that presents interesting information to an audience on a new topic or provides useful information to an audience

Persuasive Presentation

Presentation that changes creates or reinforces an attitude belief or behavior in an audience

Informative Presentation

Presentation that enhances the understanding of your audience in relation to some important term object event process and so forth

Asynchronous Presentation

Presentation that can be accessed at any time

Instructional Presentation

Presentation that gives audiences directions on performing a particular task

Quasi-Scientific Presentation

Presentation that helps audiences attune to important features of the message and helps organize the information so audiences see relationships in the material

Impromptu

Delivery method characterized by little or no time for advanced preparation

Manuscript

Delivery method that requires writing out your speech word for word and delivering the presentation by reading it directly

Memorized

Delivery method that requires the text of the presentation to be written out word for word and the speech then delivered from memory

Extemporaneous

Delivery method that is prepared and practiced

Adaptors

Nonverbal behaviors that reveal things about our internal state and tend to provide comfort when we are in stressful situations

bad habits that should be avoided because they reveal anxiety

Illustrators

Hand or arm gestures that accompany and enhance the verbal message you are delivering

Emblems

Gestures that can be directly translated into verbal language

example thumbs-up sign

Question of Fact

Concerned with what is true or false what happened or did not happen or what exists or does not exist

Question of Value

Argues that positions are good or bad ethical or unethical moral or immoral right or wrong

Question of Policy

Targets behaviors or what we should or should not be doing as an individual community or nation

To Inform

Purpose that describes explains or demonstrates something

To Persuade

Purpose that influences the attitudes beliefs or behaviors of your audience

To Entertain

Purpose that has the audience relax smile and enjoy the occasion

Efficacy

The feelings that audience members have in a fear appeal which makes them feel able to perform the recommended responses to the threat presented

Book

Source where you cite the author their credentials the title and the date it was published

Journal/Magazine Article

Source where you include the name and date of the publication and possibly the name of the author

Newspaper

Source where you include the name and date of the article

Interview

Source where you cite the person's name their credentials and when it took place

Website

Source where you cite the operator of the site and the date of any dated material

News Release

Source where you cite the agency issuing the release and the date it was released

Elevator Pitch

A concise and well-practiced description of a business venture to a potential investor or a quick summation of what your company makes or does to a possible client

A Good Visual Aid Includes

One illustrated concept and a maximum of six lines of text

A Bad Visual Aid Includes

Three or more diagrams too much text and too many special effects

Visual Aid Color

Audiences find cool colors such as blue and green more attractive than warm colors such as red orange and yellow. Do not combine red and green brown and green blue and black or blue and purple

Self-Plagiarism

Occurs when an author reuses previously published material without revealing that it is not new

Statistics

Evidence consisting of numerical facts used to describe a population or event that carry a great deal of power and can be extremely persuasive

Testimony

Evidence consisting of a quotation or paraphrase from an expert or knowledgeable source used to support an idea or point in a presentation

Examples

Evidence consisting of stories or narratives that give life to your presentation and personalize your message and ideas

Presentational vs Public Speaking

Presentational speaking is informal outlined reaches a smaller audience and is more interactive. Public speaking is formal scripted and televised

3 Essential Factors in Effective Presentations

Goal-directed: have a clear purpose. Audience-centered: know your audience to relate to them sell yourself and respond to the audience. Ethical: use solid evidence sound reasoning preparation and honesty

Plagiarism

Taking someone else's words or ideas and claiming them as your own

Types of Plagiarism

Misrepresentation: take something someone else has created and claim it as your own. Cut and paste: take information from several sources and patch it together in one document. Always give credit where credit is due

Excessive Collaboration

When you work on something with someone rather than looking for criticism and then claim all the work as your own

Incremental Plagiarism

Not citing a paraphrase

can be accidental but still carries consequences

The Presentation Process

1. Select Topic 2. Determine Purpose 3. Research 4. Organize 5. Practice

Communication Apprehension

The fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another person or others

Skills Training

Eliminating the feeling of having a skills deficit and lessening anxiety

Systematic Desensitization

Muscular relaxation and visualizing a less threatening scenario

Cognitive Restructuring/Modification

Gets rid of negative thoughts the person is insecure about

Visualization

Envision yourself being successful with your presentation

enhances speaking performance

best suited to individuals whose mental imaging ability is high

Audience Analysis

Position interests knowledge reason audience is there and demographics