Chapter 1: The Organization of the Human Body (pt 1)

Anatomy

study of the body’s structure

Subdivisions of Anatomy

• gross or macroscopic (regional, systemic, surface anatomy)

• microscopic (cytology, histology)

• developmental (embryology)

Physiology

study of the function of the body (on cellular and molecular level)

Principle of Complementarity

function reflects structure

Levels of Organization

atoms → molecules → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

Necessary Life Functions (8)

• Maintain boundaries

• Movement

• Responsiveness

• Digestion

• Metabolism

• Dispose of waste

• Reproduction

• Growth

Integumentary System

• Organs: Hair, Nail, Skin

• Function:

  • Protects deep tissue from injury

  • Synthesizes Vitamin D

  • Houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat/oil glands

Skeletal System

• Organ: Joint, bones

• Function:

  • Protect and support body’s organs

  • Framework for muscles

  • Forms blood cells in the bone and stores minerals

Muscular System

• Organs: Skeletal muscles

• Function

  • Manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression

    • Maintains posture and produces heat

Nervous System

• Organs: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves

• Function

  • Responds to changes by activating appropriate muscle/glands

Endocrine System

• Organs: Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas, Ovary/Testis

• Function

  • Secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism

Cardiovascular System

• Organs: Heart, blood vessels

• Function:

  • BVs transport blood which carries O2, CO2, nutrients, waste

  • Heart pumps blood

Lymphatic System/Immunity

• Organs: Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessel, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes

• Function:

  • Returns leaked fluid to blood

  • Disposes of debris in lymphatic stream

  • Houses WBC for immunity

Digestive System

Organs

• Organs: Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Small/Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus

• Function: Breaks down food and eliminates feces

Urinary Stytem

• Organs: Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

• Functions:

  • Eliminates nitrogenous waste

  • Regulates water, electrolyte, acid/base balance in blood

Male Reproductive System

• Organs: Penis, Testis, Scrotum, Ductus deferens, prostate gland

• Function:

  • production of offspring

  • Testes - produce sperm and sex hormone

Female Reproductive System

• Organs: Mammary Glands, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina, Uterine Tube

• Function:

  • production of offspring

  • Ovaries - produce egg and sex hormone

Survival Needs (5)

• Nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals

• Oxygen: for ATP production

• Water: fluid base for secretion/excretions

• Normal Body Temp: affects rate of chemical rxns

• Appropriate atmospheric pressure: adequate breathing and gas exchange

Homeostasis

The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously

Negative Feedback

The response shuts off the original effect of the stimulus

• ex. regulation of body temp and blood glucose

Positive Feedback

The response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated

ex. childbirth

Components of Control Mechanism (3)

• Receptor

• Control Center

• Effector

Receptor (sensor)

• monitors environment

• responds to stimuli

Control Center

• determines set point

• receives input from receptor

• determines response

Effector

• receives output from control center

• response reduces or enhances stimulus

Afferent Pathway

• sensory

• carry towards control center

Efferent Pathway

• motor

• away from control center

Homeostatic Imbalance

• increase risk of disease

• contributes to changes associated w aging

• if negative feedback is overwhelmed, destructive positive feedback will take over