Nucleic Acids (Part 3)

DNA

Long-term storage of genetic information and Transmission of genetic information to make other cells and new organisms.

RNA

Used to transfer the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes to make proteins. And it is used to transmit genetic information in some organisms and may have been the molecule used to store genetic blueprints in primitive organisms.

DNA

________ is self replicating

RNA

_______ is synthesized from DNA on an as needed basis.

DNA

Base pairing in _______ are:

• A—T (Adenine-Thymine)

• G—C (Guanine-Cytosine)

RNA

Base pairing in _______ is:

• A—U (Adenine-Uracil)

• G—C (Guanine-Cytosine)

DNA

The C-H bonds in _______ make it fairly stable, plus the body destroys enzymes that would attack DNA. The small grooves in the helix also serve as protection, providing minimal space for enzymes to attach.

RNA

The O-H bond in the ribose of ________ makes the molecule more reactive, compared with DNA. It is not stable under alkaline conditions, plus the large grooves in the molecule make it susceptible to enzyme attack. It is constantly produced, used, degraded, and recycled.

DNA

________ is susceptible to UV damage.

RNA

________ is relatively resistant to UV damage.

True

Most Scientists believe that RNA evolved before DNA

Synthesis of Proteins

The information stored in DNA is used to direct the ____________

Replication

___________ is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself when a cell divides.

Transcription

__________ is the ordered synthesis of RNA from DNA, the genetic information stored in DNA is passed onto RNA.

Translation

_________ is the synthesis of proteins from RNA, the genetic information determined the specific amino acid sequence of the protein.

Replication

Parent DNA → Daughter DNA

Transcription

Parent DNA → RNA

Translation

RNA → Protein

Two New DNA Molecules

The original DNA molecule forms ___________, each of which contains a strand from the Parent DNA and one new strand.

Replication Fork

A ___________ forms as the two strands split apart.

Order of the Bases

The identity of the bases on the template strand determines the ___________ on the new strand

New Phosphodiester Bond

A __________ is formed between the 5’-Phosphate of the Nucleoside Triphosphate and the 3’-OH group of the new DNA strand.

One Direction

Replication occurs in only __________ on the template strand, from the 3’ end to the 5’ end.

Leading strand, Lagging strand

The new strand is either a ____________, growing continuously, or a _____________, growing in small fragments.

Uracil (U)

The Thymine (T) base is not present in RNA instead, the __________ base is used.

Single strand

RNA is a _________, and smaller than DNA.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA)

The three types of RNA molecules are _____________

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

___________ provides the site where polypeptides are assembled during protein synthesis.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

___________ carries the information from DNA to the ribosome.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

___________ brings specific amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Acceptor Stem, Anticodon

tRNA is drawn as a cloverleaf shape, with an ___________ at the 3’ end, which carries the needed amino acid, and an _________, which identifies the needed amino acid.

Template strand, Informational strand

Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA. The DNA splits into two strands, the __________ which is used to synthesize RNA, and the ____________ which is not used.

3’ end to the 5’ end

Transcription proceeds from the _____________ of the template.

Complementary Sequence

Transcription forms a mRNA with a ________________ to the template DNA strand and an exact sequence as the informational DNA strand.

(U) replaces (T)

The difference between mRNA and the information DNA strand is that the base _____________ on mRNA.

Three Nucleotides

A sequence of ___________ (a triplet) codes for a specific amino acid.

Codon

Each triplet in Genetic code is called a ____________

UAC

Serine

UGC

Cysteine