3-Erythrocytes

canine

spp wc has rbc that is relatively large, uniform, and has biconcave discs

• has an area of central pallor w wright’s stained blood film

• small numbers of polychromatophilic erythrocytes

• occasional nucleated red blood cells and howell-jolly bodies

• life span: 110-120 days

feline

spp wc has rbc that are smaller than canine’s, w no central pallor, rarely seen polychromatic cells, and a few howell-jolly bodies

• life span: 65-76 days

oxidant injury

cat hb is more susceptible to this than other spp as it contains 8-oxidizable sulfhydryl groups = low # of single, small heinz bodies

true

TRUE OR FALSE: feline show rouleaux formation than those of canine, but less than horses

bovine

spp wc has rbc similar in size to horses, lack central pallor, and shows a small degree of anisocytosis

• rare rouleaux formation

• polychromatophils are not usually observed, but release reticulocytes in response to anemia

• show marked poikilocytosis, thrombocytosis, and microcytosis (til 1 yr of age due to iron deficiency)

• life span: 160 days

caprine

spp wc has rbc marked by poikilocytosis (prominent in kids) and the smallest of the domestic animal spp

• do not display prominent reticulocytosis in response to anemia, lack polychromasia

• life span: 125 days

camilidae

spp wc has small, flat, oval-shaped rbc

• high mchc than other spp

• small degree of anisocytosis and poikilocytosis

• life span: 60 days (llama)

avian

spp wc has large, nucleated, and elliptical rbc

• mild degree of polychromasia (prominent in smaller birds)

• presence of nuclei complicates hematologic evaluation

poikilocytosis

presence of abnormally shaped cells

rbc inclusions

presence of abnormal structures w/in cells

nucleated rbc

presence of nucleated cells in peripheral blood

poikilocytes

erythrocytes w abnormal shape

true

TRUE OR FALSE: some poikilocytes have fairly specific diagnostic significance, while other forms are very non-specific

shape

wherever possible, poikilocytes should be identified as to the specific ______ changes that are present (acanthocytes, keratocytes, echinocytes)

eccentrocytes

are red cells w a ragged appearing, poorly hemoglobinized fringe of cytoplasm on one side of the cell

hemi-ghost cells, pseudo-spherocytes

eccentrocytes are also known as?

• this appearance results from an apposition and adherence of opposing inner surfaces of the cell membrane

oxidant stress

eccentrocytes are formed under conditions of excess ______ _____ to the erythrocytes, wc includes crosslinking of membrane proteins

heinz bodies

eccentrocytes are often seen in assc w ____ _____, wc provides evidence of an oxidant effect on hemoglobin

oxidant injury

eccentrocytes have been seen in assc w syndrome of what injury?

• seen in dogs, cats, horses (onion and red maple leaf toxicity, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency)

echinocytes

“crenation”; are spiculated rbc’s

• projections may be sharp or blunt, usually numerous, and evenly spaced around the circumference

• spicules are uniform in size

irregular

in contrast w echinocytes, acanthocytes have (regular/irregular) shaped spicules

artifact, drugs

css of ecchynocyte formation

keratocytes

rbc w blister-like vesicle, wc may rupture, leaving a “bite-shaped” defect, or one or two horn-like projections in the same side of the cell

true

TRUE OR FALSE: low numbers of keratocytes may be seen in various situations, and may not have clear clinical significance

mechanical injury

when keratocytes are present in large numbers or w other poikilocytes, this may suggest what type of injury to the red cells?

microangiopathic hemolysis, mechanical fragility

keratocytes occur in conditions causing _________ hemolysis (DIC, vasculitis, hemangiosarcoma), and/or _________ fragility (iron deficiency, anemia, oxidant injury)

liver, hepatic lipidosis

in cats, keratocytes can be seen in increased numbers in _____ dss. give an example

ovalocytes

an occasional oval or elliptical erythrocyte may be seen as a non-specific finding in a variety of settings

smear-making technique, plasma viscosity

in some cases, _____-_____ technique and/or _____ ______ may contribute to ovalocyte in vitro formation

liver

ovalocytes or elliptocytes are seen cats w some forms of ____ dss

echino-elliptocytes, ovalo-echinocytes

target cells are not usually seen in cats. however, many cats with liver dss have acanthocytes and/or red cells that are elongated and have scalloped or spiculated margins

what are the latter red cell shapes called?

oak leaf, holy leaf

what are the other names of echino-elliptocytes and ovalo-echinocytes?

schistocytes

red cell fragments; due to mechanical injury

smooth endothelial, fibrin

schistocytes are usually seen in relatively low numbers, and are assc w conditions in wc the normally ______ ________ lining is roughened or irregular, and/or the vascular lumen is crossed by strands of _____

DIC, glomerular dss, inflammatory dss, vasculitis, vascular neoplasms

schistocytes are caused by what diseases?

false

TRUE OR FALSE: schistocytes are seen in up to 60-75% of cats, but are rarely seen in dogs, with DIC

true

TRUE OR FALSE: in cats, schistocytes are most commonly observed as part of the poikilocytosis in liver dss

iron

schistocytes also are commonly seen as a feature of advanced ____ deficiency anemia

• due to inherent fragility of the cells produced under these conditions than from changes in the vasculature

spherocytes

red cells wc have assumed the form of a sphere rather than the normal discoid shape

• reduced area of central pallor

stomatocytes

rbc w an elongates (mouth-like) area of central pallor

codocytes/leptocytes

target cells; have a lump of hemoglobinized cytoplasm w/in the area of normal central pallor

• bull’s eye target

howell-jolly bodies

are small fragments of non-fxnal nucleus wc were not extruded as the cell left the marrow

heinz bodies

are formed by oxidation of exposed sulfhydryl grps on hb

basophilic stippling of erythrocytes

represents the spontaneous aggregation of ribosomal rna in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes

siderocytes

are anucleate rbc w iron-containing (siderotic) cytoplasmic inclusions

reticulocytes

are slightly immature, anucleate red cells that contain rna