the lymphatic system ch 7

adaptive immunity

initiated when exposed to a pathogen

APCs (antigen presenting cells)

break ingested pathogens apart in a lysosome

MS

may not be an autoimmune disease, because a specific antigen has not been identified

inflammatory response

redness, heat, swelling, pain

IgA

main type of antibody found in body secretions (salive, tears, mucus, breastmilk); monomers or dimers

hypersensitivity reactions

when the immune system overreacts and causes harm to the body

Chemicals

________ such as histamine, released by damaged tissue cells and mast cells, cause the capillaries to dilate and become more permeable.

IgM

first antibodies produced by a newborn; pentamers

the immune system is able to distinguish...

"self" (our cells) from "nonself" (pathogens)

allergies

hypersensitivity to allergens such as pollen, food, or animal hair, which would normally be harmless

innate immunity

immunity without previous exposure to a pathogen

lacteals

lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that absorb dietary fats and transport them to the bloodstream

histamine

when pollen is an allergen, _________ stimulates the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes to release fluid (hay fever)

xenotransplantation

transplanting organs from an animal

tonsils

located in the pharynx, part of the secondary lymphatic organs

normal flora

microbes that usually reside in the mouth and intestine; prevent potential pathogens from taking up residence

IgG

major type of antibody in blood; crosses placenta from mom to fetus for temporary immune protection

immunosuppressive drugs

Can be controlled with ________ and by transplanting organs that have the same MHC proteins in the donor and recipient.

allergen

Occurs when the ________ enters the bloodstream.

IgD

antigen receptors on immature b cells

IgE

antibodies that prevent parasitic worm infections

medical intervention

Can be brought about naturally through an infection or artificially through ________.

human immunodeficiency virus

the ________ (HIV), which causes AIDS, infects helper T cells, thus inactivating the immune response.

antibiotics

chronic use of ________ can make one susceptible to infection by killing off the normal flora

cytotoxic t cells

t cells that contain perforins in storage vacuoles

individuals body

The ________ makes antibodies against a particular antigen.

cell mediated immunity

adaptive immunity in which T cells kill cells that are presenting a specific "foreign" antigen

Immunity killing

________ or removing foreign substances, pathogens, and cancer cells from the body.

human cells

All ________ (except red blood cells) contain DNA, so the symptoms of lupus can be exhibited throughout the body.

helper t cells

secrete cytokines that enhance the response of all types of immune cells

antibody mediated immunity

adaptive immunity in which B cells produce antibodies that bind to free antigens in body fluids

blood flow

Increased ________ brings white blood cells to the area.

growth of pathogens

Increased temperature inhibits ________.

skeletal muscle contraction.

movement of lymph is largely dependent on ____________

3 groups of human leukocyte antigens

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DR

clonal expansion

a macrophage activates a T cell by presenting an antigen with the specific TCR that will bind to the T cell, causing ___________

food allergy symptoms

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

primary lymphatic organs

red bone marrow and thymus

3 types of immunity

innate, adaptive, acquired

secondary lymphatic organs

spleen, lymphatic nodes/nodules, tonsils, peyer patches

lymphatic capillaries

absorb excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream

complement system

several plasma proteins that amplify inflammatory response

immunosuppressive drugs

Some ________ act by inhibiting the production of cytokines.

antigens

foreign objects within the body (fragments of bacteria, viruses, molds, and parasitic worms)

immune system

There are two branches of our ________: innate and adaptive.

interferons

chemicals produced by cells that are infected with viruses as a warning to other cells

           Two types

primary and secondary

           Primary lymphatic organs

red bone marrow, thymus

           Secondary lymphatic organs

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

           Named for their location

common in the neck, armpit, and groin

There are two branches of our immune system

innate and adaptive

           Barriers to entry

physical and chemical

           Physical

skin and mucous membranes

           Four hallmark symptoms

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

           Four hallmark symptoms

redness, heat, swelling, and pain, continued

There are two pathways of adaptive immunity

cell-mediated and antibody-mediated

There are five classes of circulating antibodies

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

           Main type of antibody found in body secretions

saliva, tears, mucus, and breast milk

           There are 2 types of acquired immunity

active and passive

           Both antibody

and cell-mediated immunity are inadequate or lacking

           Various symptoms

facial rash, fever, joint pain

4 main functions of lymphatic system

1) absorb excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream 2) absorb dietary fats and transport to bloodstream 3) production/maintenance/distribution of lymphocytes in the body 4) helps in defense against pathogens

T-cell receptors (TCR)

unique receptor on the surface of each T cell

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

protein on a T cell's surface that displays a piece of an ingested pathogen after phagocytization

B-cell receptors (BCR)

protein receptors on B cells

memory cells

B cells which become active in future encounters with the same antigen

plasma cells

B cells which produce large numbers of antibodies that bind to antigens

active immunity

a form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens, occurs through natural infection and/or immunization by vaccine

passive immunity

an impermanent form of acquired immunity in which antibodies against a disease are acquired naturally or artificially

immediate allergic response

occurs within seconds of contact with allergen; caused by IgE antibodies attached to receptors on mast cells and basophils which release histamine

anaphylactic shock

a severe, rapid, and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reaction to a substance which the organism has become sensitized by previous exposure; sudden drop in blood pressure due to increased permeability of the capillaries by histamine

delayed allergic response

initiated by memory T-cells at the location of contact with the allergen (i.e. poison ivy)